ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Dexamethasone and overall survival and progression free survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a meta-analysis.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Pooled it
- The STELLAR trial: a phase II/III randomized trial of high-dose, intermittent sunitinib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.Brain communications · 2024Trial
- Article
- Biomimetic Nanocarriers for Glioblastoma Therapy: Translational Advances and Strategic Challenges.Cancers · 2026Review
- Eosinophil counts as a prognostic marker in glioblastoma: a retrospective cohort study.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics and Machine Learning Analyses Reveal PIK3CG, PRKCD, and TRIM22 as Potential Markers of Poor Prognosis and Immune Activation in Glioblastoma.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Chemoradiation of glioblastoma cells alters expression of activation and immune checkpoint molecules on type 1 and 2 dendritic cells and impacts on subsequent T cell proliferation.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- When Central Tolerance Fails: Thymic Malignancies at the Intersection of Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity.Cancers · 2026Review
- The Role of CRISPR and Its Therapeutic Applications in Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Early withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid following malignant glioma craniotomy: a real-world population-based cohort study.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- From Classical to Emerging Biomarkers of Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors. An Evidence-Based Review with a Focus on Gliomas.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Integrative analysis identified the key role of LAG3 in T cell exhaustion in glioma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Chlorpromazine activates cGAS-STING signaling and reprograms the immune response in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- KITENIN-CCL20 axis is a potential therapeutic target for modulating immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Antibody therapies in glioblastoma: Overcoming micro-environmental barriers.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Immunologic specificity in glioblastoma: Antigen discovery and translational implications.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immune factors and their role in tumor aggressiveness in glioblastoma: Atypical cadherin FAT1 as a promising target for combating immune evasion.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2025Review
- Cytomegalovirus-induced oncomodulation drives immune escape in glioblastoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.