ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 260 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
260 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 396 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biologic Brachytherapy: Genetically Modified Surgical Flap as a Therapeutic Tool-A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- The relationship between salivary cytokines and oral cancer and their diagnostic capability for oral cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Engineering cytokines for cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- The Effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on the Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Free Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Microsurgery · 2026Trial
- A Phase II Study of Docetaxel and Pembrolizumab plus Interleukin 12 Gene Therapy in Nonmetastatic, Anthracycline-Refractory Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (INTEGRAL).Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Phase II Trial of Interleukin-12 Followed by Interferon Alfa-2b in Patients with Metastatic Malignant Melanoma: Results from CALGB 500001 (Alliance).Cancer immunology research · 2026Trial
- A phase I trial of SON-1010, a tumor-targeted, interleukin-12-linked, albumin-binding cytokine, shows favorable pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety in healthy volunteers.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Local delivery of SBRT and IL-12 to murine PDAC tumors modulates hematopoiesis.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Inflammation and carcinogenesis: molecular targets and small-molecule intervention strategies.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Immune Markers and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the European EPIC Cohort.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Small-molecule NFAT signaling inhibitor with dual NFATc1/NFATc2 activity and limited calcineurin catalytic inhibition.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Article
- Systemic health impact of cancer-associated extracellular vesicles and particles.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Co-formulation of IL-12 mRNA and doxorubicin in polymeric nanoparticles for simultaneous delivery in murine melanoma.RSC pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Polymeric Materials in Cancer Immunotherapy: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Smart drug delivery systems for immunotherapeutic agents: focus on biological/biogenic platform-based intelligent delivery in cancer immunotherapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Intratumor delivery of a novel plasmid combination induces high levels of metastatic melanoma regression.Gene therapy · 2026Article
- αHSA-proIL-12: A Tumor-Conditional IL-12 Prodrug with Reduced Systemic Toxicity and Potent Antitumor Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for Cancer: Current Advances and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- TIGIT-targeted IL-12 fusion protein engages NK and CD8Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) Correlates with Disease Progression, Selected Immune Checkpoint Molecules and SIGLEC9 in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
200 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models has yet to be replicated in humans. Early clinical trials in the mid-1990's showed that systemic delivery of IL-12 incurred dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, IL-12's pleiotropic activity, i.e., its ability to engage multiple effector mechanisms and reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression, continues to entice cancer researchers. The development of strategies which maximize IL-12 delivery to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure are of increasing interest. Diverse IL-12 delivery systems, from immunocytokine fusions to polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated robust antitumor immunity with reduced adverse events in preclinical studies. Several localized IL-12 delivery approaches have recently reached the clinical stage with several more at the precipice of translation. Taken together, localized delivery systems are supporting an IL-12 renaissance which may finally allow this potent cytokine to fulfill its considerable clinical potential. This review begins with a brief historical account of cytokine monotherapies and describes how IL-12 went from promising new cure to ostracized black sheep following multiple on-study deaths. The bulk of this comprehensive review focuses on developments in diverse localized delivery strategies for IL-12-based cancer immunotherapies. Advantages and limitations of different delivery technologies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on how IL-12-based immunotherapies may be utilized for widespread clinical application in the very near future are offered.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.