ReviewFrontiers in physiology2020
Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and Immune System: Which Roles Do IL-6 and Glutamine Play?
Review in Frontiers in physiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sarcopenia and clinical outcomes in lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of hematology · 2025Pooled it
- Baseline physical activity is associated with reduced mortality and disease outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Probing Dermal Immunity to Mycobacteria through a Controlled Human Infection Model.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Predictive Models for Toxicities after CAR T-cell Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities.Blood cancer discovery · 2026Review
- Patient stratification in exercise oncology: matching exercise modalities to immune phenotypes to optimize immunotherapy response.Translational oncology · 2026Review
- Defining Healthy Weight Loss and Target Weight in the Era of Highly Effective Treatment of Patients With Obesity.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Impaired Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Therapeutic Approaches in Aging and Chronic Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Interleukin-6 in the Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Prospects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hematological and Biochemical Responses During and After a 12-h Track Ultra-Marathon Race.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Muscle loss and pentraxin-3 as predictors of immunotherapy outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immunoglobulin G and plasma glycome in early rheumatoid arthritis differ from matched controls and link less fat-free mass to an accelerated aging phenotype: an exploratory study.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Multi-omic identification of key transcriptional regulatory programs during endurance exercise training in rats.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genetic Regulation of Monocyte MicroRNAs and Their Implication in Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Cross-Ancestry Expression Quantitative Trait Loci and Imputation Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Glutamine Supplementation and Exercise: A Narrative Review of Biochemical Mechanisms and Timing Strategies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Sarcopenia and sepsis fuel a self-perpetuating cycle of immunometabolism decline.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Muscling in on immunity: the role of muscle in the insect immune response, demonstrating the value of a whole organism perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses in Adults and Childhood Cancer Survivors: The Role of NETosis and Low-Grade Inflammation as a Novel Therapeutic Target-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- New insights into the integrative effects of resistance training at moderate altitude on systemic inflammation.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The skeletal muscle was always seen from biomechanical and biochemical views. It is well-established that an active muscle brings many benefits for different body organs and tissues, including the immune system. Since the 1970s, many studies have shown the importance of regular exercise and physical activity in increasing the body's ability to fight opportunist infections, as well as a strategy to fight established diseases. This interaction was mainly attributed to the glutamine, a non-essential amino acid produced by the active skeletal muscle and primarily consumed by rapidly dividing cells, including lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as their main source of energy. Therefore, these cells' function would be significantly improved by the presence of a bigger glutamine pool, facilitating phagocytosis, antigen-presentation, proliferative capacity, cytokine synthesis and release, among other functions. Despite its importance, glutamine is not the only molecule to connect these two tissues. The presence of cytokines is crucial for a proper immune system function. Many of them have well-established pro-inflammatory properties, while others are known for their anti-inflammatory role. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), however, has been in the center of many scientific discussions since it can act as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine depending on the tissue that releases it. Skeletal muscle is an essential source of IL-6 with anti-inflammatory properties, regulating the function of the immune cells after tissue injury and the healing process. Therefore, this review aims to discuss further the role of these four components (glutamine, and interleukin-6, and its interface with monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes) on the communication between the skeletal muscle and the immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.