ArticleNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2020
Comparisons Between Infectious and Autoimmune Encephalitis: Clinical Signs, Biochemistry, Blood Counts, and Imaging Findings.
Article in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Probable Autoimmune Encephalitis Presenting With Catatonia in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.International journal of psychiatry in medicine · 2026Review
- CSF Leukocytes in Intracranial Infections: Diagnostic, Mechanistic, and Therapeutic Insights for Neurocritical Care.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Early prediction of severe autoimmune encephalitis: development and validation of a model incorporating readily available lactate dehydrogenase.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Fatal West Nile Encephalomyelitis in a Young Woman with Hypoparathyroidism and Sjögren's Syndrome. Molecular Insights into Viral Neuro-Invasivity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Cancer Therapy-Induced Encephalitis.Cancers · 2024Review
- Association of α-HBDH levels with the severity and recurrence after acute ischemic stroke.European journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis: what the radiologist needs to know.Neuroradiology · 2024Review
- Clinical Features of Patients with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease and Isolated Seizure Symptoms.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
- Neurovirulent cytokines increase neuronal excitability in a model of coronavirus-induced neuroinflammation.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2023Article
- Integrating host transcriptomic signatures for distinguishing autoimmune encephalitis in cerebrospinal fluid by metagenomic sequencing.Cell & bioscience · 2023Article
- Clinical predictors of encephalitis in UK adults-A multi-centre prospective observational cohort study.PloS one · 2023Observational
- Determining an infectious or autoimmune etiology in encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2022Article
- Evaluation of multiple consensus criteria for autoimmune encephalitis and temporal analysis of symptoms in a pediatric encephalitis cohort.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveInfectious encephalitis (IE) and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) are symptomatically similar in clinic, however essentially different in pathogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify specific features to distinguish the two types of encephalitis for early effective diagnosis and treatments through a comparative analysis.
methodsFifty-nine IE patients and 36 AE patients were enrolled. The patients with IE were divided into viral encephalitis (VE) and bacterial encephalitis (BE) according to the pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with AE were categorized by with or without neural autoantibodies (NAAb). We further divided patients with NAAb into those with neural cell-surface antibodies (NSAbs) or intracellular antibodies (Abs). Clinical features, laboratory data, and imaging findings were compared between AE, IE, and subgroups.
resultsMemory deficits, involuntary movement, and seizures were relatively more commonly presenting symptoms in AE patients (p < 0.05). The positive rate of Pandy test was higher in IE patients (p = 0.007). Decreased leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts in blood were found in IE patients (p < 0.05). Lower serum calcium level was found in VE compared to BE (p = 0.027). Meanwhile, higher serum calcium level was found in patients with NSAbs compared with intracellular Abs (p = 0.034). However, higher levels of LDH in CSF were found in patients with intracellular Abs (p = 0.009). In magnetic resonance imaging, hippocampus lesions were more commonly present in patients with AE (p = 0.042). Compared with AE patients, more IE patients displayed the background electroencephalogram rhythm of slow-frequency delta (p = 0.013).
conclusionInvoluntary movement and memory deficits were more specifically present in AE patients. CSF Pandy, blood routine test and hippocampus lesions detections were potential markers for distinguishing AE and IE. Further, CSF LDH, and serum calcium levels were potentially useful to distinguish subgroups of encephalitis.
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