ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2020
Pregravid contraceptive use and fecundability: prospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- A randomized trial of web-based fertility-tracking software and fecundability.Fertility and sterility · 2023Trial
- Impacts of Contraception on Future Fertility: Addressing Concerns to Improve Understanding.Studies in family planning · 2026Article
- Social influence on women's contraceptive use: Population-based, sociocentric network study in rural Uganda.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- The association between levonorgestrel intrauterine devices and female fertility compared to other contraceptive methods: A historical cohort study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Application of machine learning to predict delayed fecundability among women in sub-Saharan Africa.Reproduction & fertility · 2025Article
- Hormonal Contraception and Endometrial Thickness in IVF/ICSI Cycles: A Multicentre Historical Cohort Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Measuring non-events: infertility estimation using cross-sectional, population-based data from four countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Impact of prior levonorgestrel intrauterine device use at the time of embryo transfer.Reproduction & fertility · 2024Article
- Decision-making pathways for contraceptive use among refugee and host populations in Adjumani district, Uganda; an exploratory study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Predictive models of miscarriage on the basis of data from a preconception cohort study.Fertility and sterility · 2024Article
- Reproductive autonomy and the experience of later-than-desired pregnancy: results from a cross-sectional survey of reproductive-aged women in Uganda.Reproductive health · 2024Article
- YouTube and the implementation and discontinuation of the oral contraceptive pill: A mixed-method content analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- A prospective preconception cohort study of the association between Mycoplasma genitalium and fecundability in Kenyan women trying to conceive.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- The Relationship Between Contraceptive Method Use and Return of Fecundity Among Women Attempting Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Demography · 2023Article
- Preconception contraceptive use and miscarriage: prospective cohort study.BMJ medicine · 2023Article
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- Concern that contraception affects future fertility: How common is this concern among young people and does it stop them from using contraception?Contraception: X · 2023Article
- "I know my body and I just can't get pregnant that easily" - Women's use and non-use of the injection to manage fertility.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2022Article
- Cultivable vaginal Lactobacillus is not associated with fecundability in Kenyan women attempting to conceive.Fertility and sterility · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the association between pregravid use of a variety of contraceptive methods and subsequent fecundability.
designProspective cohort study.
settingDenmark and North America, 2007-19.
participants17 954 women who had tried to conceive for up to six menstrual cycles at study entry. At baseline, participants reported their contraceptive histories, and personal, medical, and lifestyle characteristics.
main outcome measuresPregnancy, determined by bimonthly follow-up questionnaires for up to 12 months.
resultsApproximately 38% (n=6735) of participants had recently used oral contraceptives, 13% (n=2398) had used long acting reversible contraceptive methods, and 31% (n=5497) had used barrier methods. Women who had recently stopped using oral contraceptives, the contraceptive ring, and some long acting reversible contraceptive methods experienced short term delays in return of fertility compared with users of barrier methods. Use of injectable contraceptives was associated with decreased fecundability compared with use of barrier methods (fecundability ratio 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.89). Users of injectable contraceptives had the longest delay in return of normal fertility (five to eight menstrual cycles), followed by users of patch contraceptives (four cycles), users of oral and ring contraceptives (three cycles), and users of hormonal and copper intrauterine devices and implant contraceptives (two cycles). Lifetime length of use of hormonal contraceptive methods was not associated with fecundability.
conclusionsUse of some hormonal contraceptive methods was associated with delays in return of fertility, with injectable contraceptives showing the longest delay. The findings indicated little or no lasting effect of long term use of these methods on fecundability.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.