Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33177040›Full record

ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2020

Socioeconomic deprivation and development of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Pablo Alvarez-Ramos, Soledad Jimenez-Carmona, Pedro Alemany-Marquez, Juan Antonio Cordoba-Doña, Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.0field-weighted citation impact, top 12% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Pablo Alvarez-RamosOphtalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain.
Soledad Jimenez-CarmonaOphtalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain.
Pedro Alemany-MarquezOphtalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain.
Juan Antonio Cordoba-DoñaResearch Institute of Biomedicine of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain.
Manuel Aguilar-DiosdadoResearch Institute of Biomedicine of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain manuel.aguilar.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es.ORCID 0000-0001-9657-5949
Universidad de Cádiz · ESHospital Universitario Puerta del Mar · ESPublic Health Department · IN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionVery little is known about the influence of socioeconomic status on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) complications. Our aim was to determine whether socioeconomic level is a risk factor for the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with T1DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsA cohort of 150 patients with T1DM were studied prospectively over 9 years. Socioeconomic status was assessed using a neighborhood-level measure based on an index of deprivation. The contribution of other variables such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy and smoking habit was evaluated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify the associations.

resultsThe incidence of DR was 21.6 cases per 1000 patient-years. Multivariable analyses showed that for each percentage point increase in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the risk of developing DR increased by 58% (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.10).Patients with T1DM onset >18 years of age and resident in areas of lower socioeconomic levels presented with almost triple the risk of developing DR (HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.08 to 8.00) compared with those with onset <18 years of age and resident in less deprived areas. We did not find significant relationships with other variables studied such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy and smoking habit.

conclusionsLow socioeconomic level is a risk factor, independent of glycemic control, in the development of DR in patients with T1DM when the onset of diabetes is in adulthood. This finding indicates that socioeconomic status and age of onset need to be considered in population screening for DR in patients with T1DM.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic RetinopathySocioeconomic FactorsAdolescentAdultFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleGlycated Hemoglobindiabetes mellitusdiabetic retinopathysocial supporttype 1

Identifiers

PMID33177040
PMCPMC7661358
OpenAlexW3098391772

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.