ArticleJournal of athletic training2021
Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers.
Article in Journal of athletic training, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rating of perceived exertion in continuous sports: a scoping review with evidence gap map.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Pooled it
- A Retrospective Career-Long and Seasonal Study of Injury Patterns in 196 Elite Swimmers: The Role of Primary Discipline and Competitive Distance.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Article
- Effect of Preventive Exercise Programs for Swimmer's Shoulder Injury on Rotator Cuff Torque and Balance in Competitive Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effects of mental fatigue on perception of effort and performance in national level swimmers.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- The Effects Of Differing Density Of Swim-Training Sessions On Shoulder Range Of Motion and Isometric Force Production In National and University Level Swimmers.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2023Article
- The Acute Effects of a Swimming Session on the Shoulder Rotators Strength and Balance of Age Group Swimmers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Cumulative Effects of a Week's Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextShoulder pain is the main cause of missed or modified training in competitive swimmers. Shoulder musculoskeletal maladaptations occur to some extent as a consequence of training loads during swimming that may increase the risk of shoulder injury. Further evidence is needed to understand the training intensities at which these maladaptations occur.
objectiveTo determine the acute effect of training intensity on the shoulder musculoskeletal physical qualities associated with shoulder injury in competitive swimmers.
designCross-sectional study.
settingIndoor swimming pool. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsSixteen asymptomatic national- and regional-level swimmers (7 females, 9 males; age = 14.6 ± 3.9 years, height = 160.5 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 55.3 ± 12.5 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Bilateral active shoulder-rotation range of motion (ROM), joint position sense, latissimus dorsi length, combined elevation test, and shoulder-rotation isometric peak torque and handgrip peak force normalized to body weight were measured before and immediately after low- and high-intensity swim-training sessions. The intensity of the sessions was determined by the distance swum over or at the pace threshold and confirmed by the swimmer's rating of perceived exertion.
resultsAfter the high-intensity training session, shoulder external-rotation ROM (dominant side: P < .001, change = -7.8°; d = 1.10; nondominant side: P = .002, change = -6.5°, d = 1.02), internal-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P < .001, change = -11.4%, d = 0.42; nondominant side: P = .03, change = -6.6%, d = 0.20), and external-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P = .004, change = -8.7%, d = 0.27; nondominant side: P = .02, change = -7.6%, d = 0.25) were reduced. No changes were found in any of the outcome measures after the low-intensity session.
conclusionsShoulder active external-rotation ROM and rotation isometric peak torque were decreased immediately after a high-intensity training session, possibly increasing the risk of injury during subsequent training. Monitoring these variables may help practitioners adjust and manage training loads to decrease the risk of shoulder injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.