ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism2021
SARS-CoV-2: influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D, on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19.
Article in American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypophosphatemia in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Complications, and Considerations: A Systematic Review.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of a Nutritional Support System to Increase Survival and Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Stage III and Comorbidities: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Hypomagnesemia: A Clinical and Nutritional Update.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Daily Consumption of Unprocessed/Minimally Processed Foods and Its Relationship with Serum Phosphorus, CD3+, and CD45+ Cell Counts in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hypophosphatemia: Unraveling a lethal connection with icu mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a multicenter observational study.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2025Article
- Exploring Micronutrient Dynamics in COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: Unraveling the Roles of Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and ALP.Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB · 2024Article
- A Case of Intractable Hypophosphatemia in a Patient with Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Encephalitis after SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Article
- Early prediction of cytokine release syndrome by measuring phosphate and magnesium levels following chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy.Blood cell therapy · 2023Article
- Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Abnormalities Associated with COVID-19 Infection, and Beyond.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- Relationship between Plasma Levels of Zinc and Magnesium with the Treatment Process and Mortality Risk in COVID-19 Patients.Tanaffos · 2023Article
- Seizures, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Severe Hypophosphatemia: The Unique Presentation of a SARS-CoV-2 Case.Cureus · 2023Article
- Hypermagnesemia and hyperphosphatemia are highly prevalent in patients with COVID-19 and increase the risk of death.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- Clinical nutrition approach in medical management of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A narrative review.Nutrition and health · 2022Review
- The role of electrolyte imbalances in predicting the severity of COVID-19 in the hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Potential Role of Certain Biomarkers Such as Vitamin B12, ROS, Albumin, as Early Predictors for Prognosis of COVID-19 Outcomes.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Severe Protracted Hypophosphatemia in a Patient with Persistent Vegetative State on Long-Term Assisted Respiratory Support.The American journal of case reports · 2022Article
- Review
- Hypophosphatemia on ICU Admission Is Associated with an Increased Length of Stay in the ICU and Time under Mechanical Ventilation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Can Maintaining Optimal Magnesium Balance Reduce the Disease Severity of COVID-19 Patients?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The use of vitamin D to reduce the severity of COVID-19 complications is receiving considerable attention, backed by encouraging data. Its purported mode of action is as an immune modulator. Vitamin D, however, also affects the metabolism of phosphate and Mg, which may well play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 may induce a cytokine storm that drains ATP whose regeneration requires phosphate and Mg. These minerals, however, are often deficient in conditions that predispose people to severe COVID-19, including older age (especially males), diabetes, obesity, and usage of diuretics. Symptoms observed in severe COVID-19 also fit well with those seen in classical hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, such as thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, dysfunction of liver and kidneys, neurologic disturbances, immunodeficiency, failure of heart and lungs, delayed weaning from a respirator, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, and, finally, multiorgan failure. Deficiencies of phosphate and Mg can be amplified by kidney problems commonly observed in patients with COVID-19 resulting in their wastage into urine. Available data show that phosphate and Mg are deficient in COVID-19, with phosphate showing a remarkable correlation with its severity. In one experiment, patients with COVID-19 were supplemented with a cocktail of vitamin D
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