ArticleCureus2020
Smoking Doubles the Mortality Risk in COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Reports and Potential Mechanisms.
Article in Cureus, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and vaping alter genes related to mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2024Pooled it
- Accumulating Impact of Smoking and Co-morbidities on Severity and Mortality of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Current genomics · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Article
- Nicotine dependence among critically ill COVID-19 patients: A population-based cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Eye Washing Downregulated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Conjunctival Tissue Samples from Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Machine learning-based mortality prediction models for smoker COVID-19 patients.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2023Article
- Developing a mortality risk prediction model using data of 3663 hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study in an Egyptian University Hospital.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Molecular Biomarker Identification Using a Network-Based Bioinformatics Approach That Links COVID-19 With Smoking.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2023Article
- Clinical presentation and mortality risk factors for COVID-19 among diabetic patients in a tertiary care center in South India.The Indian journal of tuberculosis · 2022Article
- The association between tobacco use and COVID-19 in Qatar.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Factors Associated With COVID-19 Death in the United States: Cohort Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- Tragic Triad of Tobacco Dependence, Cancer, and COVID-19 Pandemic: An Urgent Call for Attention by Health Care Systems and Professionals.JCO oncology practice · 2022Article
- Article
- Physical and Psychological Health Behavior Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic that May Inform Surgical Prehabilitation: a Narrative Review.Current anesthesiology reports · 2022Review
- The Impact of Tobacco Use on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Journal of smoking cessation · 2022Review
- Population vitamin D status might be related to COVID-19 mortality but not with infection rate in Africa: evidence from ecological analysis.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Article
- Smoking status related to Covid-19 mortality and disease severity in a veteran population.Respiratory medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Studies have reported conflicting results regarding the effect of smoking on outcome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, but the results have been conflicting. In this meta-analysis, we systematically examined the association between smoking and mortality in COVID-19. Methods PubMed database was searched to look for relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) cohort studies or case series studies; (2) study population included individuals with a confirmed COVID-19 infection; (3) the status of smoking was reported, regardless if it was current or in the past; and (4) mortality among smokers was reported in the study or could be calculated and compared to non-smokers. Mortality rates were pooled using a random effects model. Risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were also calculated using the same model. Another meta-analysis was then performed to assess the difference in mortality between current and former smokers. Results Ten studies with a total of 11,189 patients were included. Mortality among smokers was 29.4% compared to 17.0% among non-smokers. RR was 2.07 (95% CI: 1.59, 2.69). Based on analysis of four studies (532 patients), there was no difference in mortality risk between current and former smokers (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.40). Conclusions Smoking, current or past, is associated with higher mortality in COVID-19 patients. Mortality among current smokers was about 50% greater than former smokers, but the difference was not statistically significant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.