Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33173035›Full record

ArticleNature communications2020

Space station biomining experiment demonstrates rare earth element extraction in microgravity and Mars gravity.

Charles S Cockell, Rosa Santomartino, Kai Finster, Annemiek C Waajen, Lorna J Eades, Ralf Moeller, Petra Rettberg, Felix M Fuchs, Rob Van Houdt, Natalie Leys and 21 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
46citing papers in PubMed
12.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

46 citing papers in PubMed, 140 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Challenges and limitations for live cell imaging in extreme cold.Methods and applications in fluorescence · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Bioleaching of critical trace metals byFrontiers in microbiology · 2026
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. A novel protein for bioremediation of gadolinium waste.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors at 8 institutions in 8 countries.

Charles S CockellUK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. c.s.cockell@ed.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-3662-0503
Rosa SantomartinoUK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8399-7138
Kai FinsterDepartment of Bioscience-Microbiology, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 129, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-9132-5542
Annemiek C WaajenUK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2330-1514
Lorna J EadesSchool of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Ralf MoellerRadiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Linder Hoehe, Köln, Germany.
Petra RettbergRadiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Linder Hoehe, Köln, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4439-2395
Felix M FuchsRadiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Linder Hoehe, Köln, Germany.
Rob Van HoudtMicrobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-7459-496X
Natalie LeysMicrobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-4556-5211
Ilse ConinxMicrobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium.
Jason HattonESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Luca ParmitanoESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Jutta KrauseESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Andrea KoehlerESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Nicol CaplinESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Lobke ZuijderduijnESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Alessandro MarianiKayser Italia S.r.l., Via di Popogna, 501, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
Stefano S PellariKayser Italia S.r.l., Via di Popogna, 501, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
Fabrizio CarubiaKayser Italia S.r.l., Via di Popogna, 501, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
Giacomo LucianiKayser Italia S.r.l., Via di Popogna, 501, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
Michele BalsamoKayser Italia S.r.l., Via di Popogna, 501, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
Valfredo ZolesiKayser Italia S.r.l., Via di Popogna, 501, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
Natasha NicholsonUK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Claire-Marie LoudonUK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Jeannine Doswald-WinklerBIOTESC, Hochschule Luzern Technik & Architektur, Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Obermattweg 9, 6052, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
Magdalena HerováBIOTESC, Hochschule Luzern Technik & Architektur, Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Obermattweg 9, 6052, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
Bernd RattenbacherBIOTESC, Hochschule Luzern Technik & Architektur, Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Obermattweg 9, 6052, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
Jennifer WadsworthExobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
R Craig EverroadExobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
René DemetsESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
European Space Research and Technology Centre · NLKayser (Italy) · ITUniversity of Edinburgh · GBBelgian Nuclear Research Centre · BEDeutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) · DELucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts · CHAmes Research Center · USAarhus University · DK

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Microorganisms are employed to mine economically important elements from rocks, including the rare earth elements (REEs), used in electronic industries and alloy production. We carried out a mining experiment on the International Space Station to test hypotheses on the bioleaching of REEs from basaltic rock in microgravity and simulated Mars and Earth gravities using three microorganisms and a purposely designed biomining reactor. Sphingomonas desiccabilis enhanced mean leached concentrations of REEs compared to non-biological controls in all gravity conditions. No significant difference in final yields was observed between gravity conditions, showing the efficacy of the process under different gravity regimens. Bacillus subtilis exhibited a reduction in bioleaching efficacy and Cupriavidus metallidurans showed no difference compared to non-biological controls, showing the microbial specificity of the process, as on Earth. These data demonstrate the potential for space biomining and the principles of a reactor to advance human industry and mining beyond Earth.

Indexed as

ExobiologyGravitationBacillus subtilisBacteriaBioreactorsCupriavidusIndustrial MicrobiologyMarsMetals, Rare EarthMiningMoonSilicatesSphingomonasWeightlessnessbasaltMetals, Rare EarthSilicates

Identifiers

PMID33173035
PMCPMC7656455
OpenAlexW3104993528

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.