ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Antibiotic Dispensation without a Prescription Worldwide: A Systematic Review.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Income level and antibiotic misuse: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2022Pooled it
- Education level and misuse of antibiotics in the general population: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Pooled it
- Protocol for a stepped wedge randomized controlled trial to optimize antibiotics prescription in Nepal.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance Dynamics Across Healthcare Level: Global Evidence and Stewardship Implications.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- High gastrointestinal carriage rates of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing enterobacterales and associated factors among hospitalized and nonhospitalized children in Kenya.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in shared human-animal waterpoints in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem, Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- The role of the community pharmacist in antibiotic use - a commentary on current status and future perspectives.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Plasmid-driven clonal expansion of multidrug-resistant monophasicEmerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- A nationwide cross-sectional study of antimicrobial resistance in Palestinian hospitals: insights from 10,000 clinical isolates.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Exploring behavioral determinants of antimicrobial dispensing in drug retail outlets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a mixed methods study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The role of large language models in self-care: a study and benchmark on medicines and supplement guidance accuracy.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Article
- Antibiotic-Mediated Plasmonic-Mie Resonance for Biosensing Applications on a Novel Silicon Nanopillar Metasurface.Advanced materials interfaces · 2025Article
- Antibiotic dispensing without a prescription across community pharmacies: A simulated patient study.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- A review of antimicrobial resistance challenges in Nigeria: The need for a one health approach.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- [Good dispensing practices for antibiotics in community pharmacies of the province of Córdoba (Argentina)].Farmaceuticos comunitarios · 2025Article
- Knowledge of Antibiotic Management in Surgery, Periodontics and Endodontics Among Patients, Students and Dentistry Professors: A Cross-Sectional Study at the University of Barcelona (Spain).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Antibiotics stewardship: prevalence, nature, and factors associated with dispensing of antibiotics without prescription among community pharmacists in Nigeria.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2025Article
- The good, the bad, and the ugly: Compliance of e-pharmacies serving India and Kenya with regulatory requirements and best practices.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- An Overview of the Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Hospital and municipal wastewater as a source of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the environment: a review.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance still remains a major global public health problem and the dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription at community pharmacies is an important driver of this. MEDLINE, Pubmed and EMBASE databases were used to search and identify studies reporting the dispensing of non-prescribed antibiotics in community pharmacies or drugstores that sell drugs for human use, by applying pharmacy interviews/questionnaires methods and/or simulated patient methods. Of the 4683 studies retrieved, 85 were included, of which 59 (69.4%) were published in low-and middle-income countries. Most of the papers (83.3%) presented a percentage of antibiotic dispensing without a prescription above 60.0%. Sixty-one studies evaluated the active substance and the most sold antibiotics without a prescription were amoxicillin (86.9%), azithromycin (39.3%), ciprofloxacin (39.3%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (39.3%). Among the 65 articles referencing the diseases/symptoms, this practice was shown to be mostly associated with respiratory system problems (100.0%), diarrhea (40.0%), and Urinary Tract Infections (30.8%). In sum, antibiotics are frequently dispensed without a prescription in many countries and can thus have an important impact on the development of resistance at a global level. Our results indicate the high need to implement educational and/or regulatory/administrative strategies in most countries, aiming to reduce this practice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.