Trial reportCancer research and treatment2021
The Pattern of Time to Onset and Resolution of Immune-Related Adverse Events Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 23 Clinical Trials and 8,436 Patients.
Trial report in Cancer research and treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of two-year fixed versus continuous immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Pooled it
- Do corticosteroids affect immunotherapy efficacy in malignancy? - A systematic review.Cancer medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Discontinuation risk from adverse events: immunotherapy alone vs. combined with chemotherapy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Blood cell counts can predict adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Budigalimab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor, for people living with HIV-1: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1b study.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- A Single-Arm Phase 2 Trial of Doxorubicin Plus Zalifrelimab (Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody) and Balstilimab (Anti-PD-1 Antibody) in Advanced/Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcomas.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Trial
- Development of an eHealth-enhanced model of care for the monitoring and management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2023Trial
- A Phase I/IIa Randomized Trial Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of SNK01 Plus Pembrolizumab in Patients with Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancer research and treatment · 2022Trial
- Pharmacokinetic Simulation Analysis of Less Frequent Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab Dosing: Pharmacoeconomic Rationale for Dose Deescalation.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Trial
- Immune checkpoint blockade reshapes drug-associated toxicity: a pharmacovigilance atlas of drug-ICI interactions.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Population-Scale Precision Safety in Oncology Reveals Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Systemic Therapy Toxicity.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Immune-related nephritis, ureteritis and cystitis secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors: A case report and review of the literature.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Regulated cell death plasticity in cancer: thresholds, reversibility, and therapeutic failure.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Immune-related adverse event profiles and survival outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer: a cluster analysis from a long-term real-world study.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Adverse Event Monitoring with Imaging: Prognostic Significance in Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Liver cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- A Case of Fulminant Immune-Related Enterocolitis During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.IJU case reports · 2026Article
- Clinical Safety of Extended Interval Dosing of Nivolumab in Patients with Melanoma.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Usability and Acceptance Testing of an Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Symptom Monitoring System for People Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Successful Treatment of Aplastic Anemia Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Lung Cancer.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe occurrence pattern of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in cancer treatment remains unclear. MATERIALS AND
methodsPhase II-III clinical trials that evaluated ICI-based treatments in cancer and were published between January 2007 and December 2019 were retrieved from public electronic databases. The pooled median time to onset (PMT-O), resolution (PMT-R), and immune-modulation resolution (PMT-IMR) of irAEs were generated using the metamedian package of R software.
resultsTwenty-two eligible studies involving 23 clinical trials and 8,436 patients were included. The PMT-O of all-grade irAEs ranged from 2.2 to 14.8 weeks, with the longest in renal events. The PMT-O of grade ≥ 3 irAEs was significantly longer than that of all-grade irAEs induced by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors (27.5 weeks vs. 8.4 weeks, p < 0.001) and treatment of nivolumab (NIV) plus ipilimumab (IPI) (7.9 weeks vs. 6.0 weeks, p < 0.001). The PMT-R of all-grade irAEs ranged from 0.1 to 54.3 weeks, with the shortest and longest in hypersensitivity/infusion reaction and endocrine events, respectively. The PMT-IMR of grade ≥ 3 irAEs was significantly shorter than that of all-grade irAEs caused by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade (6.9 weeks vs. 40.6 weeks, p=0.002) and NIV+IPI treatment (3.1 weeks vs. 5.9 weeks, p=0.031).
conclusionThis study revealed the general and specific occurrence pattern of ICI-induced irAEs in pan-cancers, which was deemed to aid the comprehensive understanding, timely detection, and effective management of ICI-induced irAEs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.