ArticleEuropean journal of public health2021
Sleep pattern in the US and 16 European countries during the COVID-19 outbreak using crowdsourced smartphone data.
Article in European journal of public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Healthy sleep durations appear to vary across cultures.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Sleep Alterations in the Population of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico and Their Association with Lifestyle Changes During COVID-19 Confinement.Clocks & sleep · 2025Article
- Sleep During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Observational Study Combining Multisensor Data With Questionnaires.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Observational
- Hypoglossal nerve stimulation versus positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2023Article
- How did trends in sleep duration in 2020 compare to previous years and how did they vary by sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment?Sleep medicine · 2023Article
- A web-based survey assessing perceived changes in diet, physical activity and sleeping behaviours in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2022Article
- Article
- Increased sleep duration and delayed sleep timing during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Sleep quality and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2022Article
- Ecological Model Explaining the Psychosocial Adaptation to COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Did COVID-19 impact Positive Airway Pressure adherence in 2020? A cross-sectional study of 8477 patients with sleep apnea.Respiratory research · 2022Article
- Living conditions, lifestyle habits and health among adults before and after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Sweden - results from a cross-sectional population-based study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Decrease in Social Zeitgebers Is Associated With Worsened Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder: Findings During the Pandemic in Japan.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Increased use of digital tools in sleep disorders research in response to the COVID-19 challenge: implications for the present and future.Sleep medicine · 2021Article
- A longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 lockdown stringency on sleep and resting heart rate measures across 20 countries.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Change of Internet Use and Bedtime among Junior High School Students after Long-Term School Closure Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Changes in sleep duration, timing, and variability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Large-scale Fitbit data from 6 major US cities.Sleep health · 2021Article
- Sleep Quality and Physical Activity as Predictors of Mental Wellbeing Variance in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: ECLB COVID-19 International Online Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- COVID-19 lockdown and lifestyles: A narrative review.F1000Research · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo stop the spread of the new coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), many countries had completely locked down. This lockdown restricted the everyday life of the affected residents and changed their mobility pattern, but its effects on sleep pattern were largely unknown.
methodsHere, utilizing one of the largest crowdsourced database (Sleep as Android), we analyzed the sleep pattern of 25 217 users with 1 352 513 sleep records between 1 January and 29 April 2020 in the US and 16 European countries (Germany, UK, Spain, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Czech, Sweden, Austria, Poland and Switzerland) with more than 100 records in all days of 2020.
resultsDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the sleeping pattern before and after the country-level lockdown largely differed. The subjects increased their sleep duration by an average of 11.3 to 18.6 min on weekday nights, except Denmark (4.9 min) and Finland (7.1 min). In addition, subjects form all 16 European countries delayed their sleep onset from 10.7 min (Sweden) to 29.6 min (Austria).
conclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, residents in the US and 16 European countries delayed their bedtime and slept longer than usual.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.