ReviewOncogene2021
Counteracting CAR T cell dysfunction.
Review in Oncogene, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human T cell engineering via serial delivery of mRNA encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Article
- T cell senescence and exhaustion: molecular mechanisms and immune rejuvenation for cancer immunotherapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- CAR-T and TIL therapies in solid tumors: barriers, clinical lessons, and convergent solutions.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Bi-functional anti-LAG-3-IL-2c enhances immune checkpoint inhibitor and CAR T-cell therapy for cancer.iScience · 2026Article
- Immunocyte senescence: A new perspective on the remodeling of the ovarian cancer microenvironment and therapeutic intervention.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer Immunotherapy: Heterogeneity, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Development of CAR NK Cell Lines Selectively Targeting Cancer Cells Expressing Membrane Hsp70.MedComm · 2026Article
- Targeting CB1 and TRPM8 receptors to counteract CD8+ T cell exhaustion.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Emerging biologic modalities for targeted protein degradation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Therapeutic Targets: Deciphering Interaction Networks and Advancing Clinical Translation.MedComm · 2026Review
- FAM168B identified as a novel candidate target for chimeric antigen receptor T cell-based cancer therapy.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- CAR-engineered cell therapies: current understandings and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Targeting the Dynamics Between TAMs and CAR-T Cells in Solid Tumor Therapies.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- T-cell exhaustion in tumor immunology: mechanisms, heterogeneity, and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Rewiring the immune response in lung cancer: current progress in bispecific antibodies, CAR-T therapy, and the rise ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages therapy for glioblastoma: challenges and opportunities from preclinical evidence to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Chemokines as regulators of CAR-T cell trafficking, function, and context-dependent tumor cell death.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Small-molecule control of CAR T cells.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2025Review
- CRISPR-Cas9 in leukemia immunotherapy: precision engineering of CAR-T cells and tumor-microenvironment modulation.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In spite of high rates of complete remission following chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, the efficacy of this approach is limited by generation of dysfunctional CAR T cells in vivo, conceivably induced by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and excessive antigen exposure. Exhaustion and senescence are two critical dysfunctional states that impose a pivotal hurdle for successful CAR T cell therapies. Recently, modified CAR T cells with an "exhaustion-resistant" phenotype have shown superior antitumor functions and prolonged lifespan. In addition, several studies have indicated the feasibility of senescence delay in CAR T cells. Here, we review the latest reports regarding blockade of CAR T cell exhaustion and senescence with a particular focus on the exhaustion-inducing pathways. Subsequently, we describe what potential these latest insights offer for boosting the potency of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapies involving CAR T cells. Furthermore, we discuss how induction of costimulation, cytokine exposure, and TME modulation can impact on CAR T cell efficacy and persistence, while potential safety issues associated with reinvigorated CAR T cells will also be addressed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.