SynthesisScientific reports2020
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and transgender identity: new original data and a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analytic evidence for a sex-diverging association between alcohol use and body mass index.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Gender- and sex-sensitive psychopharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Sexual Disgust Decreases Sociosexuality Across Genders and Sexual Orientations.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Prenatal androgen exposure predicts sexuality disorders: insights from anthropometric measurements and questionnaires.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Beyond the Gender Binarism: Neural Correlates of Trans Men in a Functional Connectivity-Resting-State fMRI Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The genetics and hormonal basis of human gender identity.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Androgyny and atypical sensory sensitivity associated with savant ability: a comparison between Klinefelter syndrome and sexual minorities assigned male at birth.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Carving the Biodevelopment of Same-Sex Sexual Orientation at Its Joints.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- Understanding the Biodevelopment of Sexual Orientation Requires a Multilevel Evolutionary Analysis.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- Effects of an App-Based Mindfulness Intervention during Pregnancy on the Infant's Prenatal Androgen Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Sex-specific association between prenatal androgenization (second-to-fourth digit length ratio) and frontal brain volumes in adolescents.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Article
- Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Is Not Associated with Alzheimer's Disease in the Elderly.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- The association of prenatal amniotic sex hormones and digit ratio (2D:4D) in children aged 5 to 70 months: A longitudinal study.PloS one · 2023Article
- An anthropometric study of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- 2D:4D Digit Ratios in Adults with Gender Dysphoria: A Comparison to Their Unaffected Same-Sex Heterosexual Siblings, Cisgender Heterosexual Men, and Cisgender Heterosexual Women.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- A Follow-Up Study of Boys With Gender Identity Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Parental Income and the Sexual Behavior of Their Adult Children: A Trivers-Willard Perspective.Evolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behaviorArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previously reported associations between second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal androgen load, and transgender identity have been inconsistent. The objectives of the present study were to provide additional original data and an updated meta-analysis concerning this association. In a study of 464 participants, we compared the 2D:4D of transgender individuals with age- and sex-matched controls. Patients were recruited at a specialized psychiatrist's medical office, whereas controls were hired via flyers, advertisements, and as convenience sample. A random-effects meta-analysis of the literature (17 samples, n = 3674) also quantifies the overall magnitude of the difference in 2D:4D between transgender individuals and controls. In our study providing new original data, we found a significantly higher (i.e. feminized) left-hand 2D:4D in the male-to-female transgender (MtF) identity [mean age: 32.3 (18; 61)] than in the male control group [mean age: 34.5 (18; 65)] with a Cohen's d = 0.271. Concordantly, the meta-analytic results suggest a significant difference in 2D:4D among MtF individuals compared to male controls [g = 0.153; 95% CI (0.063; 0.243)], which was even more pronounced when individuals had been diagnosed by a clinician instead of self-identified as transgender [g = 0.193; 95% CI (0.086; 0.300)]. In both studies, no significant results were revealed for female-to-male transgender individuals [mean age: 26.1 (18; 53)] versus female controls [mean age: 27.2 (18; 55)]. This original investigation and the updated meta-analysis clarify the association between transgender identity and 2D:4D indicating the influence of prenatal androgen on the development of gender identity in subjects born as males.
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