ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Label-free adaptive optics imaging of human retinal macrophage distribution and dynamics.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05370287 (Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging), which is not on this map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Retinal UCHL1 Dysregulation Coupled With Synaptic Loss Reflects Alzheimer's Disease Severity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Reflective broadband adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope with 20 D focus range.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- En face OCT in branch retinal artery occlusion: quantitative assessment of epiretinal macrophage-like cells and optical intensity ratio.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- EPIRETINAL MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELL ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY IN BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION WITH MACULAR EDEMA: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Changes in the macrophage-like cells following progression and treatment of diabetic macular edema.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Macrophage-Like Cell Density and Distribution in Relation to Vascular Leakage in Diabetes.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Wide-field cellular-resolution retinal imaging using deformable mirror-based sensorless adaptive optics time-domain full-field OCT.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Integrated fixation and stimulus channel for adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Evaluating the quantity and spatial density of macrophage-like cells in patients with retinal vascular disease and healthy subjects via non-invasive retinal imaging.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Spatiotemporal Immune Dynamics in Experimental Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury Models.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- Distribution and dynamics of motile immune cells near the inner limiting membrane in the living human eye.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Wide-field choriocapillaris mapping with 3.4 MHz adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography angiography.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Deep compressed multichannel adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope.Science advances · 2025Article
- Towards noninvasive white blood cell count.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Retinal ganglion cell vulnerability to pathogenic tau in Alzheimer's disease.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Quantification of optical lensing by cellular structures in the living human eye.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Ultrastructural investigation of the posterior hyaloid membrane in posterior vitreous detachment.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Review
- Redefining our vision: an updated guide to the ocular immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Improved tracking of corneal immune cell dynamics usingBiomedical optics express · 2024Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia are resident central nervous system macrophages and the first responders to neural injury. Until recently, microglia have been studied only in animal models with exogenous or transgenic labeling. While these studies provided a wealth of information on the delicate balance between neuroprotection and neurotoxicity within which these cells operate, extrapolation to human immune function has remained an open question. Here we examine key characteristics of retinal macrophage cells in live human eyes, both healthy and diseased, with the unique capabilities of our adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography approach and owing to their propitious location above the inner limiting membrane (ILM), allowing direct visualization of cells. Our findings indicate that human ILM macrophage cells may be distributed distinctly, age differently, and have different dynamic characteristics than microglia in other animals. For example, we observed a macular pattern that was sparse centrally and peaked peripherally in healthy human eyes. Moreover, human ILM macrophage density decreased with age (∼2% of cells per year). Our results in glaucomatous eyes also indicate that ILM macrophage cells appear to play an early and regionally specific role of nerve fiber layer phagocytosis in areas of active disease. While we investigate ILM macrophage cells distinct from the larger sample of overall retinal microglia, the ability to visualize macrophage cells without fluorescent labeling in the live human eye represents an important advance for both ophthalmology and neuroscience, which may lead to novel disease biomarkers and new avenues of exploration in disease progression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.