Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33167928›Full record

ArticleBMC cancer2020

Factors associated with breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination in Fiji and Kashmir India - a cross-sectional study.

Rukaiya Malik, Numa Vera, Chandra Dayal, Abhay Choudhari, Jyotishna Mudaliar, Amanda Noovao Hill, Ilisapeci Kubuabola, Ronny Gunnarsson

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Validation of cost-effective model for breast self-examination.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Achieving High Breast Cancer Survival for Women in Rural and Remote Areas.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022
    Article
  10. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Rukaiya MalikSydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
Numa VeraSchool of Health Sciences, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji.
Chandra DayalSchool of Nursing, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji.
Abhay ChoudhariSchool of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji.
Jyotishna MudaliarNorthern Division Scabies Control Project, Labasa Fiji by the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), Melbourne, Australia.
Amanda Noovao HillSchool of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji.
Ilisapeci KubuabolaPacific Research Center for Prevention of Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji.
Ronny GunnarssonPrimary Health Care, School of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. ronny.gunnarsson@infovoice.se.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9183-3072

Funding

College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University NAFiji national university research council NA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn low-income countries breast cancer awareness (BCA) is essential to reduce the proportion of advanced stage presentations of breast cancer. There is a lack of studies using multivariable techniques to explore factors related to BCA in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to identify to what extent women in Fiji and Kashmir, India have BCA and practice breast self-examination (BSE) as well as factors associated with BCA and BSE.

methodsA survey of women aged ≥18 years was conducted in Fiji and Kashmir, India to assess BCA and rates of BSE. Comparison between Fiji and Kashmir was done using student's t-test for continuous data and chi-square for binary data. Factors associated with BCA and BSE were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression for Fiji and Kashmir separately.

resultsData were collected from 399 and 1982 women in Kashmir and Fiji, respectively. Of 1968 women in Fiji 57% were deemed to have an acceptable BCA compared to only 7.3% of 395 women in Kashmir. Having some education was associated with having BCA with an odds ratio of 4.7 (1.7-13) in Fiji and 10 (1.7-59) in Kashmir. Of 1976 women in Fiji 40% had tertiary education while 40% of 392 women in Kashmir had no education at all. The marital status was similar in both samples (n = 1973 and 395) with 68-69% being married and 21-26% being single. The lack of female doctors or nurses with whom to discuss issues, was perceived as a problem in both countries.

conclusionsThe key finding is an association between having any level of education and BCA. This correlation was much stronger than for a family history of breast cancer and BCA. Hence, general education to illiterate women may reduce the proportion of women in low-income countries presenting with advanced-stage breast cancer.

Indexed as

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeAdultBreast NeoplasmsBreast Self-ExaminationCross-Sectional StudiesEducational StatusFemaleFijiHumansIndiaMarital StatusPrognosisProspective StudiesSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultBreast awarenessBreast cancerBreast cancer awarenessBreast self-examinationEducation

Identifiers

PMID33167928
PMCPMC7654031

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.