ReviewThe American journal of psychiatry2021
Learning About Safety: Conditioned Inhibition as a Novel Approach to Fear Reduction Targeting the Developing Brain.
Review in The American journal of psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of psychosensory interventions for the management of pediatric pain, fear, and distress during emergency care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparative insights into insula structure and function.Nature neuroscience · 2026Review
- Age-related differences in hippocampal network engagement during safety processing in adolescents.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and amygdala underlies avoidance learning during adolescence: Implications for developmental psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- PTSD symptoms moderate predictors of psychophysiological arousal during fear inhibition: Evidence from a fear, reward, and neutral discrimination task.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Developmental Differences in a Hippocampal-Cingulate Pathway Involved in Learned Safety Following Interpersonal Trauma Exposure.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Article
- Person-centered analyses reveal that developmental adversity at moderate levels and neural threat/safety discrimination are associated with lower anxiety in early adulthood.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Breath-Counting Task Enhances the Sensitivity of Fear Acquisition.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Event Segmentation Promotes the Reorganization of Emotional Memory.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Subregions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex integrate threat and protective information to meta-represent safety.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Inhibitory properties of a latent inhibitor after its compound preexposure with several novel stimuli: evidence from human conditioning.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- The effects of parental presence on amygdala and mPFC activation during fear conditioning: An exploratory study.Developmental science · 2024Article
- Translational approaches to the neurobiological study of conditional discrimination and inhibition: Implications for psychiatric disease.Behavioral neuroscience · 2024Review
- Adaptive Safety Coding in the Prefrontal Cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Modulation of learning safety signals by acute stress: paraventricular thalamus and prefrontal inhibition.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Current and Future Approaches to Pediatric Anxiety Disorder Treatment.The American journal of psychiatry · 2024Review
- Hippocampal Involvement in Safety Signal Learning Varies With Anxiety Among Healthy Adults.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Article
- Impacts of social isolation stress in safety learning and the structure of defensive behavior during a spatial-based learning task involving thermal threat.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
- Cognitive inflexibility, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and traits and poor post-pandemic adjustment.Neuroscience applied · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of psychiatric disorders, with anxiety disorders being the most common and affecting as many as 30% of youths. A core feature of anxiety disorders is difficulty regulating fear, with evidence suggesting deficits in extinction learning and corresponding alterations in frontolimbic circuitry. Despite marked changes in this neural circuitry and extinction learning throughout development, interventions for anxious youths are largely based on principles of extinction learning studied in adulthood. Safety signal learning, based on conditioned inhibition of fear in the presence of a cue that indicates safety, has been shown to effectively reduce anxiety-like behavior in animal models and attenuate fear responses in healthy adults. Cross-species evidence suggests that safety signal learning involves connections between the ventral hippocampus and the prelimbic cortex in rodents or the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in humans. Particularly because this pathway follows a different developmental trajectory than fronto-amygdala circuitry involved in traditional extinction learning, safety cues may provide a novel approach to reducing fear in youths. In this review, the authors leverage a translational framework to bring together findings from studies in animal models and humans and to bridge the gap between research on basic neuroscience and clinical treatment. The authors consider the potential application of safety signal learning for optimizing interventions for anxious youths by targeting the biological state of the developing brain. Based on the existing cross-species literature on safety signal learning, they propose that the judicious use of safety cues may be an effective and neurodevelopmentally optimized approach to enhancing treatment outcomes for youths with anxiety disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.