SynthesisJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2021
Systematic Review: Assessment of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Over the Past Decade.
Synthesis in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preliminary efficacy of pharmacological treatments on sluggish cognitive tempo (cognitive disengagement syndrome): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Cognitive disengagement syndrome (sluggish cognitive tempo) and medical conditions: a systematic review and call for future research.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Interpersonal trauma exposure is associated with cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms in early adolescents.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Comment on: Cognitive disengagement syndrome across attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and internalizing disorders: Towards a transdiagnostic construct.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cognitive disengagement syndrome across attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and internalizing disorders: towards a transdiagnostic construct.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Pure Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Without Co-Occurring ADHD in an Elementary School Sample of Children: A Two-Stage Epidemiological Study.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Investigating the Shared and Divergent Neuroanatomical Features of Attentional Deficits in Adolescents.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multi-informant Examination of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome in Relation to Sleep and Circadian Preference in Early Adolescents.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms and ADHD Dimensions in Relation To Children's Daily Life Executive Functioning Deficits.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- The role of rumination and racing thoughts in co-occurrence of ADHD symptoms, depression and anxiety symptoms.Australian journal of psychology · 2026Article
- Cognitive disengagement syndrome and peer relationships of youth with critical congenital heart defects.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2025Article
- Validating the Adult Concentration Inventory for Measuring Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome in an Iranian Population: Insights Into Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Resting-State Functional Connectivity in a Community Sample of Children With a Range of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Cognitive disengagement syndrome and depressive symptoms in early adolescents: Examining the moderating role of a negative interpretation bias.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome But Not ADHD Symptoms Increases Risk for Child Body Mass Index: Examination in a Sample of Clinically Referred Youth.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Examining social withdrawal in relation to academic enablers in students with and without cognitive disengagement syndrome.Journal of school psychology · 2025Article
- Cross-Sectional and Quasi-Longitudinal Examination of Childhood and Adult Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Insomnia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Does Stimulant Medication Status Moderate the Association Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms and Rumination?Journal of attention disorders · 2025Article
- Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and Psychological Ill-Being in Young Adults Using the Adult Concentration Inventory (ACI).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo conduct a systematic review of the measures designed to assess sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) since the first SCT scale using careful test-construction procedures was published in 2009.
methodMEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, PsychINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched from September 2009 through December 2019. Articles reporting on reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater reliability), structural validity (an aspect of construct validity focused on items' convergent and discriminant validity), concurrent and longitudinal external validity, invariance, or intervention/experimental findings were included.
resultsFull criteria for data extraction and inclusion were met by 76 studies. Nine measures for assessing SCT were identified (7 assessing parent report, teacher report, and/or self-report in children and 2 assessing self-report and/or collateral informant report in adults). Each measure demonstrated acceptable to excellent reliability. All or at least the majority of SCT items on each measure also had structural validity (high loadings on an SCT factor and low loadings on an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] inattention factor). Studies have supported the invariance of SCT across sex and time, and there is initial evidence of invariance across informants, youths with ADHD and youths without ADHD, and ADHD presentations. The Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI), Child Concentration Inventory, Second Edition (CCI-2), and Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV) have particularly strong support for assessing parent/teacher-reported, youth self-reported, and adult self-reported SCT, respectively.
conclusionThe SCT measures included in this review share numerous positive properties, have promising psychometric support, and have proven useful for examining the external correlates of SCT across the life span. Although substantial progress has been made over the last decade, work remains to be done to further improve the assessment of SCT and key directions for future research are provided.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.