ReviewAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2021
HASEL Artificial Muscles for a New Generation of Lifelike Robots-Recent Progress and Future Opportunities.
Review in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed.
- Soft Skins With Reversible Thickness Morphing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Electrohydraulic Folding Ring Actuators for Radially Contracting Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Metasurface-Enabled Light-Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Musculoskeletal actuators with programmable morphology and tunable dynamics.Science advances · 2026Article
- Unparalleled nanofibril hydrogel actuators by mimicking nature's design.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Ultralight soft electrostatic actuators based on solid-liquid-gas architectures.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Soft Biomimetic Underwater Vehicles: A Review of Actuation Mechanisms, Structure Designs and Underwater Applications.Micromachines · 2026Review
- A method to study and enhance the energy efficiency of soft electrostatic actuators.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Development for soft actuator with multilayer structure and its application.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Vacuum-gap electrostatic multilayer actuators for space robotics.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Electrostatic adhesion mitigates aerodynamic losses from gap formations in feathered wings.Communications engineering · 2025Article
- Thermally Actuated Soft Robotics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- Architected Soft Actuators for Artificial Musculoskeletal Systems.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Morph and Function: Exploring Origami-Inspired Structures in Versatile Robotics Systems.Micromachines · 2025Review
- Toward Autonomous Self-Healing in Soft Robotics: A Review and Perspective for Future Research.Advanced intelligent systems (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- Aerial Track-Guided Autonomous Soft Ring Robot.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- A Multimodal Amphibious Robot Driven by Soft Electrohydraulic Flippers.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- A Worm-like Soft Robot Based on Adhesion-Controlled Electrohydraulic Actuators.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Cutaneous Electrohydraulic (CUTE) Wearable Devices for Pleasant Broad-Bandwidth Haptic Cues.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Electrohydraulic musculoskeletal robotic leg for agile, adaptive, yet energy-efficient locomotion.Nature communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Future robots and intelligent systems will autonomously navigate in unstructured environments and closely collaborate with humans; integrated with our bodies and minds, they will allow us to surpass our physical limitations. Traditional robots are mostly built from rigid, metallic components and electromagnetic motors, which make them heavy, expensive, unsafe near people, and ill-suited for unpredictable environments. By contrast, biological organisms make extensive use of soft materials and radically outperform robots in terms of dexterity, agility, and adaptability. Particularly, natural muscle-a masterpiece of evolution-has long inspired researchers to create "artificial muscles" in an attempt to replicate its versatility, seamless integration with sensing, and ability to self-heal. To date, natural muscle remains unmatched in all-round performance, but rapid advancements in soft robotics have brought viable alternatives closer than ever. Herein, the recent development of hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators, a new class of high-performance, self-sensing artificial muscles that couple electrostatic and hydraulic forces to achieve diverse modes of actuation, is discussed; current designs match or exceed natural muscle in many metrics. Research on materials, designs, fabrication, modeling, and control systems for HASEL actuators is detailed. In each area, research opportunities are identified, which together lays out a roadmap for actuators with drastically improved performance. With their unique versatility and wide potential for further improvement, HASEL actuators are poised to play an important role in a paradigm shift that fundamentally challenges the current limitations of robotic hardware toward future intelligent systems that replicate the vast capabilities of biological organisms.
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