ArticleRevista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health2020
Prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 according to socioeconomic and ethnic status in a nationwide Brazilian survey.
Article in Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 on the Indigenous Population of Brazil: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2023Pooled it
- Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- History of self-reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the Brazilian population: a countrywide survey.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Vulnerable Populations Relying on Public Health Services: Findings from the AVISA Study in Brazil.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2026Article
- Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Brazilian families: a countrywide population-based survey.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Health disparities among indigenous populations in Latin America: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Coping with the invisible impacts of COVID-19 in a context of polycrises: wellbeing strategies of marginalised urban and Indigenous Brazilian youth.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- "The COVID-19 pandemic in BRICS: Milestones, interventions, and molecular epidemiology".PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- First year of COVID-19 in Brazil: Factors associated with the spread of COVID-19 in small and large cities.PloS one · 2024Article
- Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Seroprevalence Of SARS-COV-2 infection in asymptomatic indigenous from the largest Brazilian periurban area.PloS one · 2023Article
- Nationally representative results on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and testing in Germany at the end of 2020.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Inequalities in the health, nutrition, and wellbeing of Afrodescendant women and children: A cross-sectional analysis of ten Latin American and Caribbean countries.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- On the role of financial support programs in mitigating the SARS-CoV-2 spread in Brazil.BMC public health · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and COVID-19 among 5 years-old Amazonian children and their association with poverty and food insecurity.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody in healthcare workers: a multicentre cross-sectional study in 10 Colombian cities.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2022Article
- Seroprevalence and risk factors for COVID-19 in the metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Nationally representative SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence estimates after the first epidemic wave in Mexico.Nature communications · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and associated factors: a serial population-based study in Espírito Santo, Brazil, May to June 2020.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate socioeconomic and ethnic group inequalities in prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the 27 federative units of Brazil.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, three household surveys were carried out on May 14-21, June 4-7, and June 21-24, 2020 in 133 Brazilian urban areas. Multi-stage sampling was used to select 250 individuals in each city to undergo a rapid antibody test. Subjects answered a questionnaire on household assets, schooling and self-reported skin color/ethnicity using the standard Brazilian classification in five categories: white, black, brown, Asian or indigenous. Principal component analyses of assets was used to classify socioeconomic position into five wealth quintiles. Poisson regression was used for the analyses.
results25 025 subjects were tested in the first, 31 165 in the second, and 33 207 in the third wave of the survey, with prevalence of positive results equal to 1.4%, 2.4%, and 2.9% respectively. Individuals in the poorest quintile were 2.16 times (95% confidence interval 1.86; 2.51) more likely to test positive than those in the wealthiest quintile, and those with 12 or more years of schooling had lower prevalence than subjects with less education. Indigenous individuals had 4.71 (3.65; 6.08) times higher prevalence than whites, as did those with black or brown skin color. Adjustment for region of the country reduced the prevalence ratios according to wealth, education and ethnicity, but results remained statistically significant.
conclusionsThe prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil shows steep class and ethnic gradients, with lowest risks among white, educated and wealthy individuals.
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