ReviewJournal of internal medicine2021
Insights into disparities observed with COVID-19.
Review in Journal of internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 150 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical characteristics and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with solid organ transplants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of infection and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Sickness and the Social Brain: Love in the Time of COVID.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- The COVID-19 Self-Testing through Rapid Network Distribution (C-STRAND) trial: A randomized controlled trial to increase COVID-19 testing in underserved populations.Contemporary clinical trials · 2021Trial
- Magnesium treatment on methylation changes of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2).Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2021Trial
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants and demographic factors on COVID-19 severity in pediatric patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Risk of Infections Among Contacts of COVID-19 Cases in the Healthcare Setting: Experience of One University Hospital.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mortality of American Indian and Alaska Native workers by occupation and industry, 2020-2022.Journal of safety research · 2025Article
- Assessing Unmet Social and Medical Needs among Latinx in Arizona throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: Time-Varying Patterns by Social Determinants of Health.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Disparities in COVID-19 mortality in the United States, 2020-2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality and cardiovascular disease in England and Wales between 2020-2022.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Cancer Screening Progress and Noninvasive Screening Opportunities since the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Social Determinants of Health Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Testing and Vaccine Attitudes in a Cross-Sectional Study of Latinx Individuals in Oregon.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Estimating risk of acquiring SARS-COV2 infection in treatment-experienced PLWH: A case-control study.Global epidemiology · 2025Article
- Natural and Designed Cyclic Peptides as Potential Antiviral Drugs to Combat Future Coronavirus Outbreaks.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing and vaccination: a qualitative focus group study among Rhode Island's Latine/Hispanic community.Frontiers in health services · 2025Article
- Comorbidities and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients with congestive heart failure: A comprehensive analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Who's in control? Situating expertise, (mis)trust, and power among the Latine/Hispanic community in COVID-19's liminal moments.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Temporal trends in colorectal cancer mortality rates (1999-2022) in the United States.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The onset of human disease by infection with SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 has revealed risk factors for disease severity. There are four identified factors that put one at high risk for infection and/or mortality creating a disparity: age, co-morbidities, race/ethnicity and gender. Data indicate that the older a person is, and/or the presence of obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease place one at higher risk for COVID-19. In the United States, specific race/ethnicities, particularly African Americans and Native Americans, are strong COVID-19 risk components. Male gender has also emerged as a severity risk factor. For age and racial/ethnicities, the accumulation of health co-morbidities is common precipitating mechanisms. In particular, underlying socio-economic structures in the United States likely drive development of co-morbidities, putting affected populations at higher risk for severe COVID-19. Sudden cardiac death triggered by a common sodium channel variant in African Americans with COVID-19 has not been evaluated as a cause for racial disparity. There is no evidence that racial/ethnic differences for COVID-19 are caused by ABO blood groups, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or from amino acid substitutions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. There is growing evidence that androgen-enabled expression of ACE2 receptors and the serine protease TMPRSS2, two permissive elements engaging the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for infection, may contribute to severe COVID-19 in men. Overall, COVID-19 has generated disparities for who is infected and the severity of that infection. Understanding the mechanisms for the disparity will help nullify the differences in risk for COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.