ArticleMed (New York, N.Y.)2021
A Public Health Antibody Screening Indicates a 6-Fold Higher SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Rate than Reported Cases in Children.
Article in Med (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Freder1k-Study - Identification of Infants With Increased Type 1 Diabetes Risk for Enrollment Into Primary Prevention Trials
Fr1da Early Diagnosis and Care of Type 1 Diabetes
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Counterfactual evaluation of elementary and secondary school policies in the COVID-19 pandemic.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Persistently increased frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis in new-onset type 1 diabetes in Polish children: nationwide analysis 2019-2022.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in children seeking medical care in Seattle, WA June 2020 to December 2022.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Infection episodes and islet autoantibodies in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Infection · 2024Article
- The immunology of type 1 diabetes.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Asymptomatic Children as a Missing Link in Preventing COVID-19 Transmission.Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Article
- Microfluidic Diffusional Sizing (MDS) Measurements of Secretory Neutralizing Antibody Affinity Against SARS-CoV-2.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Berlin Kindergarten Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study, September 2021.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Variant-specific antibody profiling for tracking SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in children and adolescents.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Households With Children in France, 2020-2022.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Article
- Spatio-Temporal Patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in Germany.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Advancing Luciferase-Based Antibody Immunoassays to Next-Generation Mix and Read Testing.Biosensors · 2023Review
- Estimating the share of SARS-CoV-2-immunologically naïve individuals in Germany up to June 2022.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Age-specific contribution of contacts to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Preschool and School-Age Children—Population Screening Findings From January 2020 to June 2022Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2022Article
- Risk for severe outcomes of COVID-19 and PIMS-TS in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Germany.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibody responses to virus reflect exposure and potential protection.
methodsWe developed a highly specific and sensitive approach to measuring antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 for population-scale immune surveillance. Antibody positivity was defined as a dual-positive response against both the receptor-binding domain and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies were measured by immunoprecipitation assays in capillary blood from 15,771 children aged 1 to 18 years living in Bavaria, Germany, and participating in a public health type 1 diabetes screening program (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04039945), in 1,916 dried blood spots from neonates in a Bavarian screening study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03316261), and in 75 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals. Virus positive incidence was obtained from the Bavarian health authority data.
findingsDual-antibody positivity was detected in none of the 3,887 children in 2019 (100% specificity) and 73 of 75 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals (97.3% sensitivity). Antibody surveillance in children during 2020 resulted in frequencies of 0.08% in January to March, 0.61% in April, 0.74% in May, 1.13% in June, and 0.91% in July. Antibody prevalence from April 2020 was 6-fold higher than the incidence of authority-reported cases (156 per 100,000 children), showed marked variation between the seven Bavarian regions (p < 0.0001), and was not associated with age or sex. Transmission in children with virus-positive family members was 35%. 47% of positive children were asymptomatic. No association with type 1 diabetes autoimmunity was observed. Antibody frequency in newborns was 0.47%.
conclusionsWe demonstrate the value of population-based screening programs for pandemic monitoring.
fundingThe work was supported by funding from the BMBF (FKZ01KX1818).
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.