ArticleTzu chi medical journal
Assessment of common risk factors and validation of the Gail model for breast cancer: A hospital-based study from Western India.
Article in Tzu chi medical journal. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk assessment tools for women with breast atypia: A systematic review.American journal of surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Improving the Estimation of Prediction Increment Measures in Logistic and Survival Analysis.Cancers · 2025Article
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3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveModified Gail Model is a noninvasive, easy to implement risk estimation tool for absolute breast cancer risk. It was developed with data collected from non African American females and further modified for African-American, the Hispanic, and Native American populations. The use of this model for population outside the US and European country is not yet validated. We evaluated the prevalent risk factors and the effectiveness of the Gail model for risk assessment in our local Indian population. MATERIALS AND
methodsA retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database was conducted on patients treated between 2008 and 2013. Six hundred and fifty patients were included in each group. Six questions were taken as per the breast cancer risk assessment tool calculator. A value of over 1.67% was taken as a high risk for breast cancer development.
resultsThe mean age of the participant was 50 ± 21.3 years in cases and 41 ± 16.4 years in controls. Age and age at first childbirth >30 years were found to be significant and associated with increased risk of breast carcinoma, but the age at menarche, family history, previous breast biopsy, and atypical hyperplasia was no significant. The Gail model was assessed, and sensitivity was 10.30% and 96.30% specificity for our population. Positive and negative predictive values were 73.62% and 51.77%.
conclusionOur study concluded that the Gail model is not an appropriate risk assessment tool for the population in its present form. For the future application of this model, we need to perform a bigger study with a higher sample size representing a maximum number of local variabilities in the Indian population.
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