ArticlePsychoneuroendocrinology2021
Race, socioeconomic status, and low-grade inflammatory biomarkers across the lifecourse: A pooled analysis of seven studies.
Article in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Personality nuances and inflammation: A coordinated analysis of six samples.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Associations of Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers During Pregnancy With Placental Pathology and Placental Gene Expression at Delivery.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Trial
- Prenatal and birth factors associated with child autism diagnosis: a birth cohort perspective.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Association of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory markers in middle-aged adults.International journal of radiation biology · 2026Article
- Associations among discrimination, genetic susceptibility to inflammation, and C-reactive protein.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Age-dependent associations of psychological and family factors on systemic inflammation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2026Article
- Maternal adversity and peripheral proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in pregnancy.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- C-Reactive Protein Trajectories by Summary Metric Across the Coronavirus-2019 Period: A 16-Year Interrupted Time-Series Analysis (2008-2023).Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Optimal doses of mind-body exercise on neuroinflammation in individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal plasma interleukin-6 and post-stroke cognitive outcomes: The Stroke-IMPaCT study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The Effect of Low Socioeconomic Status on the Leptin-to-Adiponectin Ratio.Nursing open · 2026Review
- A Review of the Public Health Literature Examining the Roles of Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity on Health Outcomes in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- An Integrated Immuno-Reward Model of Adolescent Depression: Theory, Evidence, and Implications.Current directions in psychological science · 2025Article
- Article
- Role of Population Based Studies in Advancing our Knowledge of Myelodysplastic Syndromes.Current hematologic malignancy reports · 2025Review
- The "pressure" of being an adolescent in the West Bank, Palestine: prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Performance of cohort-adapted dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores among Hispanic adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Stressful life events across the lifespan and inflammation: An integrative data analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Sex differences in the roles of nicotine use and puberty on youth C-reactive protein levels: Effects above and beyond adversity.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Neighborhood Belonging, and Inflammation Among Adolescents.Psychosomatic medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are patterned by race and socioeconomic status, and chronic low-grade inflammation is proposed as a key underlying mechanism. Theories for how racial and socioeconomic disadvantages foster inflammation emphasize a lifecourse approach: social disadvantages enable chronic or repeated exposure to stressors, unhealthy behaviors, and environmental risks that accumulate across the lifecourse to increase low-grade inflammation. However, single samples rarely include multiple racial and socioeconomic groups that each span a wide age range, precluding examination of this proposition. To address this issue, the current study combined seven studies that measured C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, producing a pooled sample of 1650 individuals aged 11-60 years. We examined (a) whether race and socioeconomic disparities in inflammatory biomarkers vary across the lifecourse, (b) whether adiposity operates as a pathway leading to these disparities, and (c) whether any indirect pathways through adiposity also vary across the lifecourse. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals exhibited higher, whereas Asian individuals exhibited lower, levels of inflammatory biomarkers, and adiposity accounted for these racial differences. Similarly, lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher inflammatory biomarkers via elevated adiposity. Importantly, both racial and socioeconomic disparities, as well as their pathways via adiposity, widened across the lifecourse. This pattern suggests that the impact of social disadvantages compound with age, leading to progressively larger disparities in low-grade inflammation. More broadly, these findings highlight the importance of considering age when examining health disparities and formulating conceptual models that specify how and why disparities may vary across the lifecourse.
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Registered trials
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