ReviewImmunogenetics2021
The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system.
Review in Immunogenetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
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- One Biology and the Status of Humans.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
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- An Ancestral Major Histocompatibility Complex Organization in Cartilaginous Fish: Reconstructing MHC Origin and Evolution.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- On the relationship between extant innate immune receptors and the evolutionary origins of jawed vertebrate adaptive immunity.Immunogenetics · 2022Review
- Major histocompatibility complex genes and locus organization in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).Immunogenetics · 2021Article
- Prediction of ATPase cation transporting 13A2 molecule in Petromyzon marinus and pan-cancer analysis into human tumors from an evolutionary perspective.Immunogenetics · 2021Article
- The Structure of a Peptide-Loaded Shark MHC Class I Molecule Reveals Features of the Binding between βJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Immunogenetics special issue 2021: Fish Immunology.Immunogenetics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates diverged from an ancestor of jawed vertebrates approximately 550 million years ago. They mount adaptive immune responses to repetitive antigenic challenges, despite lacking major histocompatibility complex molecules, immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, and recombination-activating genes. Instead of B cell and T cell receptors, agnathan lymphocytes express unique antigen receptors named variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which generate diversity through a gene conversion-like mechanism. Although gnathostome antigen receptors and VLRs are structurally unrelated, jawed and jawless vertebrates share essential features of lymphocyte-based adaptive immunity, including the expression of a single type of receptor on each lymphocyte, clonal expansion of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes, and the dichotomy of cellular and humoral immunity, indicating that the backbone of the adaptive immune system was established in a common ancestor of all vertebrates. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that, unlike previously thought, agnathans have a unique classical pathway of complement activation where VLRB molecules act as antibodies instead of immunoglobulins. It seems likely that the last common ancestor of all vertebrates had an adaptive immune system resembling that of jawless vertebrates, suggesting that, as opposed to jawed vertebrates, agnathans have retained the prototype of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
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