Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33159430›Full record

SynthesisBrain and behavior2021

Cognitive frailty as a predictor of adverse outcomes among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

ZiHan Bu, AnLe Huang, MengTing Xue, QingYun Li, YaMei Bai, GuiHua Xu

Open access · goldAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Brain and behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
99citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
7.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

99 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Association Between Frailty and Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing · 2026
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  16. The relationship between pain catastrophizing and cognitive frailty in patients with lumbar disc herniation mediated by sleep quality: the regulatory effect of emotions- a retrospective study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026
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39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

ZiHan BuNursing School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0200-7620
AnLe HuangNursing School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
MengTing XueNursing School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
QingYun LiNursing School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
YaMei BaiNursing School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
GuiHua XuNursing School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveA systematic review and meta-analysis basing on the prospective cohort studies were conducted to explore the risk of all-cause mortality and dementia in cognitively frail older adults compared to robust older adults and to determine whether it was a predictor of adverse outcomes.

methodsPubmed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases were searched to retrieve studies on adverse outcomes of cognitive frailty. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Stata 15.0 Software was used to perform the meta-analysis. The all-cause mortality and dementia were observed to be the primary outcomes, while the other data were considered as the secondary outcome.

resultsA total of 14 studies were included in qualitative analysis and 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with low risk of bias and moderate to good methodological quality. The results showed that cognitive frailty in older people had a higher risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 1.93, 95%CI (1.67, 2.23), p < .001] and dementia [HR = 3.66, 95%CI (2.86, 4.70) as compared with robust. The subgroup analysis showed that the assessment tools were the main source of heterogeneity.

conclusionIn older adults living in communities, the cognitive frailty was found to be a significant predictor of all-cause mortality and dementia. Nonetheless, cognitive frailty was found to be a better predictor of all-cause mortality and dementia than just frailty.

Indexed as

FrailtyAgedCognitionFrail ElderlyHumansProspective StudiesRiskadverse outcomesAlzheimer's diseasecognitive declinecognitive frailtymeta-analysisolder adults

Identifiers

PMID33159430
PMCPMC7821586
OpenAlexW3097940063

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.