ArticleJournal of medical ethics2021
Good reasons to vaccinate: mandatory or payment for risk?
Article in Journal of medical ethics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed.
- Monetary incentives increase COVID-19 vaccinations.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Refining the role of behavioural and social sciences in pandemic response post-COVID-19.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- The ethicality of mandatory COVID-19 vaccinations in Uganda: a qualitative study.BMC medical ethics · 2026Article
- Ethical Principles in Legal Context: Vaccine Mandates During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia.Journal of bioethical inquiry · 2026Article
- "You Could Have Prevented It!": attributions of responsibility toward COVID-19 unvaccinated vs. vaccinated individuals.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Coercion in public health: a scoping review of definitions.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Ethical analysis of childhood vaccination information processes among Turkish parents in the United States.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Coercive public health policies need context-specific ethical justifications.Monash bioethics review · 2025Article
- Kantian political philosophy, coercion, and public health.Monash bioethics review · 2025Article
- Review
- HPV Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake: A Conceptual Analysis Using Rodgers' Evolutionary Approach.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Review
- Collective Reflective Equilibrium, Algorithmic Bioethics and Complex Ethics.Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees · 2025Article
- Free to err? Conceptualising personal autonomy in the postpandemic welfare state.Global bioethics = Problemi di bioetica · 2025Article
- Cost-based COVID-19 vaccination and willingness to pay: A post-pandemic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Assessing implementation outcomes for launching balanced energy protein supplementation: A formative study in rural Bangladesh.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Do COVID-19 Vaccination Policies Backfire? The Effects of Mandates, Vaccination Passports, and Financial Incentives on COVID-19 Vaccination.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024Review
- Implementing a School-Entry Mandate for the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Benefits and Challenges.Cureus · 2024Review
- Collective good and individual choice: Perceptions on COVID-19 vaccine mandate among COVID-19 vaccinated individuals.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Ethics of artificial intelligence in medicine.Singapore medical journal · 2024Review
- Individual and social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake in Northwest Syria.BMC health services research · 2024Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Mandatory vaccination, including for COVID-19, can be ethically justified if the threat to public health is grave, the confidence in safety and effectiveness is high, the expected utility of mandatory vaccination is greater than the alternatives, and the penalties or costs for non-compliance are proportionate. I describe an algorithm for justified mandatory vaccination. Penalties or costs could include withholding of benefits, imposition of fines, provision of community service or loss of freedoms. I argue that under conditions of risk or perceived risk of a novel vaccination, a system of payment for risk in vaccination may be superior. I defend a payment model against various objections, including that it constitutes coercion and undermines solidarity. I argue that payment can be in cash or in kind, and opportunity for altruistic vaccinations can be preserved by offering people who have been vaccinated the opportunity to donate any cash payment back to the health service.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.