Observational studyJournal of the American College of Cardiology2020
Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Men and Women in the U.S.
Observational study in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 230 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does adopting a healthy diet improve periodontal parameters in patients susceptible to periodontal disease? A systematic review.Evidence-based dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Association between pro-inflammatory diet and liver cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Dietary Inflammatory Index in relation to Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Effects of a Tai Chi rehabilitation program implemented using a hybrid online and offline mode on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- Association of Adherence to Various Dietary Patterns With Mortality Among Survivors of Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study.Circulation · 2026Article
- Association between dietary inflammatory index, empirical dietary inflammatory patterns and the risk of Long COVID: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Anti-inflammatory diet and mental health outcomes in an aging population: evidence from a preventive population-based target trial emulation.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Epigenetic age acceleration mediates the association between pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant diets and the progression and mortality of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.Genes & nutrition · 2026Article
- Oxalate as an Emerging Contributor to Cardiovascular Disease: Links to Inflammation, Immunity, and Oxidative Stress.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Harnessing Metabolic Insights: A Framework for Dietary Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Management.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Genetic predisposition to coffee consumption and the association with the early risk of atherosclerosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Ceramide as a key regulatory factor in the impact of dietary inflammatory index on plaque stability.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Planetary health diet index and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the health and retirement study.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- A novel transdermal curcumin gel shows potential in improving cardiac bioenergetic functions in Berkeley sickle cell mice.Blood vessels, thrombosis & hemostasis · 2026Article
- Associations of metabolic indicators and inflammation-related indices with adverse cardiovascular events in US adults: NHANES 1999-2018.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- From Diet to Oral and Periodontal Health: Exploring the Crucial Role of Nutrition-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Diet modulates inflammation; however, it remains unknown whether dietary patterns with higher inflammatory potential are associated with long-term CVD risk.
objectivesThis study sought to examine whether proinflammatory diets are associated with increased CVD risk.
methodsWe prospectively followed 74,578 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (1984-2016), 91,656 women from the NHSII (1991-2015), and 43,911 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. The inflammatory potential of diet was evaluated using a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score that was pre-defined based on levels of 3 systemic inflammatory biomarkers.
resultsDuring 5,291,518 person-years of follow-up, we documented 15,837 incident CVD cases, including 9,794 coronary heart disease (CHD) cases and 6,174 strokes. In pooled analyses of the 3 cohorts, after adjustment for use of anti-inflammatory medications and CVD risk factors including body mass index, a higher dietary inflammatory potential, as indicated by higher EDIP scores, was associated with an increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] comparing the highest to lowest quintiles: 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31 to 1.46; p for trend <0.001), CHD (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.36 to 1.56; p for trend <0.001), and stroke (HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17- to 1.39; p for trend <0.001). These associations were consistent across cohorts and between sexes, and they remained significant after further adjustment for other dietary quality indices. In a subset of study participants (n = 33,719), a higher EDIP was associated with a higher circulating profile of proinflammatory biomarkers, lower levels of adiponectin, and an unfavorable blood lipid profile (p < 0.001).
conclusionsDietary patterns with a higher proinflammatory potential were associated with higher CVD risk. Reducing the inflammatory potential of the diet may potentially provide an effective strategy for CVD prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.