ReviewEndocrine-related cancer2021
50th anniversary of the first clinical trial with ICI 46,474 (tamoxifen): then what happened?
Review in Endocrine-related cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Utilisation of endocrine therapy for cancer in Indigenous peoples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Factors affecting inter-individual variability in endoxifen concentrations in patients with breast cancer: results from the prospective TOTAM trial.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Trial
- The Current Landscape of Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Pathology Guide on Emerging Biomarkers.Cancers · 2026Review
- Advancing equitable access to innovation in breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Prognostic value of progesterone receptor expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissue.Irish journal of medical science · 2025Article
- Research on the Synergistic Effect of A Novel Apoptosis Inducer Combined with AKT and HSP90 Selective Inhibitors on Hormone-Sensitive and Hormone-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Lines.Archives of Razi Institute · 2025Article
- Estrogen Receptor Alpha Mutations, Truncations, Heterodimers, and Therapies.Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Review
- Irreversible inhibition of estrogen receptor α signaling and the emergence of hormonal resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells induced by DNA damage agents.Biomedical reports · 2024Article
- Basic, translational, and clinical research - a short reflection.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Activation of Adrenoceptor Alpha-2 (ADRA2A) Promotes Chemosensitization to Carboplatin in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- Pharmacogenomics: Driving Personalized Medicine.Pharmacological reviews · 2023Review
- Novel pentacyclic derivatives and benzylidenes of the progesterone series cause anti-estrogenic and antiproliferative effects and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.Investigational new drugs · 2023Article
- Targeting hormone-resistant breast cancer cells with docetaxel: a look inside the resistance.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2023Article
- Estrogen Receptor and the Unfolded Protein Response: Double-Edged Swords in Therapy for Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.Targeted oncology · 2022Review
- Transcriptional coactivator MED1 in the interface of anti-estrogen and anti-HER2 therapeutic resistance.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2022Review
- Estrogen Receptor Complex to Trigger or Delay Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis in Long-Term Estrogen Deprived Breast Cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Nuclear receptors: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics.Essays in biochemistry · 2021Article
- Towards Unravelling the Role of ERα-Targeting miRNAs in the Exosome-Mediated Transferring of the Hormone Resistance.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Turning scientific serendipity into discoveries in breast cancer research and treatment: a tale of PhD students and a 50-year roaming tamoxifen team.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Following the discovery and approval of the oral contraceptive, the pharmaceutical industry sought new opportunities for the regulation of reproduction. The discovery of the first non-steroidal anti-oestrogen MER25, with antifertility properties in laboratory animals, started a search for 'morning-after pills'. There were multiple options in the 1960s, however, one compound ICI 46,474 was investigated, but found to induce ovulation in subfertile women. A second option was to treat stage IV breast cancer. Although the patent for ICI 46,474 was awarded in the early 1960s in the UK and around the world, a patent in the USA was denied on the basis that the claims for breast cancer treatment were not supported by evidence. A trial at the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute in Manchester, published in 1971, showed activity compared with alternatives: high-dose oestrogen or androgen treatment, but the US Patent Office was unswayed until 1985! The future of tamoxifen to be, was in the balance in 1972 but the project went forward as an orphan drug looking for applications and a translational research strategy was needed. Today, tamoxifen is known as the first targeted therapy in cancer with successful applications to treat all stages of breast cancer, male breast cancer, and the first medicine for the reduction of breast cancer incidence in high-risk pre- and post-menopausal women. This is the unlikely story of how an orphan medicine changed medical practice around the world, with millions of women's lives extended.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.