ArticleScientific reports2020
Divergent serotype replacement trends and increasing diversity in pneumococcal disease in high income settings reduce the benefit of expanding vaccine valency.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serotype replacement and mobile genetic elements inMicrobial genomics · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review on serotypes distribution of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults and the elderly.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular Epidemiology ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Determinants of pneumococcal carriage by age in Africa (2000-2021): a systematic analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Serotype distribution of invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease in children ≤5 years of age following the introduction of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infant national immunization programs: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence ofHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Recent changes to adult national immunization programs for pneumococcal vaccination in Europe and how they impact coverage: A systematic review of published and grey literature.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.The Lancet. Neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Analysing pneumococcal invasiveness using Bayesian models of pathogen progression rates.PLoS computational biology · 2022Pooled it
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, V116, in Japanese healthy adults: A Phase I study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Differences in Pneumococcal andFrontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease burden, clinical characteristics, serotypes' distribution, immunization status and antimicrobial resistance: Evidence from 12-year hospital-based surveillance and cost analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in US Children by Risk Group, 1998-2023.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2026Article
- Healthcare resource utilization and cost of invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumonia, and acute otitis media in commercially and medicaid-insured children by risk group in the United States, 2018 to 2023.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2026Article
- Severe invasive pneumococcal disease beyond current vaccination recommendations: implications for higher-valency vaccines.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Indirect Effects in Health Economic Models of Vaccines: Should We Include Them, and How Do We Model Them?Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Review
- Clonal expansion of global pneumococcal sequence cluster 3 within serotype 8 after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction, South Africa.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Serotype distribution and coverage by pneumococcal vaccines in hospitalised adults with pneumococcal pneumonia in Germany.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Serotype diversity and risk factors for pneumococcal carriage among healthy children in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A pre-vaccination cross-sectional study.IJID regions · 2026Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. Only seven of the approximately 100 serotypes were initially included in the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV) in 2000 before it was expanded in subsequent years. Although the invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence due to vaccine serotypes (VT) has declined, partial replacement by non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) was observed following widespread vaccine uptake. We conducted a trend analysis assembling the available evidence for PCV impact on European, North American and Australian national IPD. Significant effectiveness against VT IPD in infants was observed, although the impact on national IPD incidence varied internationally due to serotype replacement. Currently, NVT serotypes 8, 9N, 15A and 23B are increasing in the countries assessed, although a variety of other NVTs are affecting each country and age group. Despite these common emerging serotypes, there has not been a dominant IPD serotype post-vaccination as there was pre-vaccination (serotype 14) or post-PCV7 (serotype 19A), suggesting that future vaccines with additional serotypes will be less effective at targeting and reducing IPD in global populations than previous PCVs. The rise of diverse NVTs in all settings' top-ranked IPD-causing serotypes emphasizes the urgent need for surveillance data on serotype distribution and serotype-specific invasiveness post-vaccination to facilitate decision making concerning both expanding current vaccination programmes and increasing vaccine valency.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.