ArticleTobacco control2021
Simulating the density reduction and equity impact of potential tobacco retail control policies.
Article in Tobacco control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- Proximity and density of tobacco retail locations to Kentucky schools and the relationship to youth perceptions of harm and susceptibility to e-cigarette use.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Low and no alcohol availability and sales in small retailers in Great Britain: A geographic longitudinal analysis from 2018 to 2022.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Using standalone pharmacies to reduce tobacco retailer availability: neighbourhood associations and two competing policy options in four US states.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Global policy scan of commercial combustible tobacco product retailing regulations by WHO region.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Cooling down hotspots of retail tobacco products: addressing disparities in the built environment through policy.Health & place · 2025Article
- Geographical differences in the financial impacts of different forms of tobacco licence fees on small retailers in Scotland.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Age Restricted Location Policies: A Potential Strategy for Advancing the Tobacco Endgame.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Public and professional stakeholders' perceptions of alcohol advertising and availability policies: A qualitative study.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Area-level sociodemographic differences in tobacco availability examined with nationwide tobacco product retail licence data in Finland.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- How do people who smoke perceive a tobacco retail outlet reduction policy in Aotearoa New Zealand? A qualitative analysis.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Spatial Clustering of Tobacco Retailers Near US Public Schools.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- A longitudinal analysis of the impact of the local tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation on male smoking behaviours in Shanghai, China.Health & place · 2024Article
- Ex ante evaluation of the impact of tobacco control policy measures aimed at the point of sale in the Netherlands.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Inequalities in children's exposure to alcohol outlets in Scotland: a GPS study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Sociodemographic Disparities in Tobacco Retailer Density in the United States, 2000-2017.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Draining the tobacco swamps: Shaping the built environment to reduce tobacco retailer proximity to residents in 30 big US cities.Health & place · 2022Article
- Sociodemographic inequities in tobacco retailer density: Do neighboring places matter?Health & place · 2021Article
- Associations between Black and Mild Cigar Pack Size and Demographics and Tobacco Use Behaviors among US Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundReducing the provision of tobacco is important for decreasing inequalities in smoking and smoking-related harm. Various policies have been proposed to achieve this, but their impacts-particularly on equity-are often unknown. Here, using national-level data, we simulate the impacts of potential policies designed to reduce tobacco outlet density (TOD).
methodsTobacco retailer locations (n=9030) were geocoded from Scotland's national register, forming a baseline. Twelve policies were developed in three types: (1) regulating type of retailer selling tobacco, (2) regulating location of tobacco sales, and (3) area-based TOD caps. Density reduction was measured as mean percentage reduction in TOD across data zones and number of retailers nationally. Equity impact was measured using regression-based Relative Index of Inequality (RII) across income deprivation quintiles.
resultsPolicies restricting tobacco sales to a single outlet type ('Supermarket'; 'Liquor store'; 'Pharmacy') caused >80% TOD reduction and >90% reduction in the number of tobacco outlets nationally. However, RIIs indicated that two of these policies ('Liquor store', 'Pharmacy') increased socioeconomic inequalities in TOD. Equity-promoting policies included 'Minimum spacing' and exclusion zones around 'Child spaces'. The only policy to remove statistically significant TOD inequalities was the one deliberately targeted to do so ('Reduce clusters').
conclusionsUsing spatial simulations, we show that all selected policies reduced provision of tobacco retailing to varying degrees. However, the most 'successful' at doing so also increased inequalities. Consequently, policy-makers should consider how the methods by which tobacco retail density is reduced, and success measured, align with policy aims.
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