Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33145695›Full record

Trial reportJournal of general internal medicine2021

Delayed Visits for Contraception Due to Concerns Regarding Pelvic Examination Among Women with History of Intimate Partner Violence.

Hunter K Holt, George F Sawaya, Alison M El Ayadi, Jillian T Henderson, Corinne H Rocca, Carolyn L Westhoff, Cynthia C Harper

Open access · bronzeAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of general internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 27% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Barriers to contraception access and use among youth: A scoping review in high-income countries.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Hunter K HoltDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Hunter.Holt@ucsf.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-6833-8372
George F SawayaDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Alison M El AyadiDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Jillian T HendersonKaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Corinne H RoccaDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Carolyn L WesthoffDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Cynthia C HarperDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
University of California, San Francisco · USColumbia University Irving Medical Center · USKaiser Permanente Center for Health Research · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundConcern regarding pelvic examinations may be more common among women experiencing intimate partner violence.

objectiveWe examined women's attitudes towards pelvic examination with history of intimate partner violence (pressured to have sex, or verbal, or physical abuse).

designSecondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized trial on contraceptive access.

participantsWomen aged 18-25 were recruited at 40 reproductive health centers across the USA (2011-2013). MAIN MEASURES: Delays in clinic visits for contraception and preference to avoid pelvic examinations, by history of ever experiencing pressured sex, verbal, or physical abuse from a sexual partner, reported by frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often). We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations for clustered data. KEY

resultsA total of 1490 women were included. Ever experiencing pressured sex was reported by 32.4% of participants, with 16.5% reporting it rarely, 12.1% reporting it sometimes, and 3.8% reporting it often. Ever experiencing verbal abuse was reported by 19.4% and physical abuse by 10.2% of participants. Overall, 13.2% of participants reported ever having delayed going to the clinic for contraception to avoid having a pelvic examination, and 38.2% reported a preference to avoid pelvic examinations. In multivariable analysis, women reporting that they experienced pressured sex often had significantly higher odds of delaying a clinic visit for birth control (aOR 3.10 95% CI 1.39-6.84) and for reporting a preference to avoid pelvic examinations (aOR 2.91 95% CI 1.57-5.40). We found no associations between delay of clinic visits or preferences to avoid a pelvic examination and verbal or physical abuse.

conclusionsHistory of pressured sex from an intimate partner is common. Among women who have experienced pressured sex, concern regarding pelvic examinations is a potential barrier to contraception. Communicating that routine pelvic examinations are no longer recommended by professional societies could potentially reduce barriers and increase preventive healthcare visits.

Indexed as

Gynecological ExaminationIntimate Partner ViolenceAdolescentAdultContraceptionCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansSexual BehaviorSexual PartnersYoung Adultcontraceptionfamily planningintimate partner violencepelvic examinationphysical abusesexual abuseverbal abuse

Identifiers

PMID33145695
PMCPMC8298732
OpenAlexW3094661626

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.