ArticleNature human behaviour2020
Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
Article in Nature human behaviour, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers.
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Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed.
- Census Block Group Demographics, Mobility Patterns, and Pharmacy Visits.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Risk mapping novel respiratory pathogens with large-scale dynamic contact networks.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- From crisis to new routine: shifts in urban shopping mobility and socioeconomic inequality during and after the COVID-19 shock.Frontiers in big data · 2026Article
- Individual and neighborhood based socioeconomic factors relevant for contact behaviour and epidemic control.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- COVID-19 impact on AMR: a rapid scoping review, equity analysis and evidence gap map study.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Accessibility of Ontario pharmacies offering COVID-19 vaccination by rurality, community material deprivation, and ethnic concentration: a repeated cross-sectional geospatial analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Social inequalities in vaccine coverage and their effects on epidemic spreading.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Is home where the heat is? comparing residence-based with mobility-based measures of heat exposure in San Diego, California.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Back to school: The effect of school visits during COVID-19 on COVID-19 outcomes.Journal of health economics · 2025Article
- The relationship between living in poverty and youth COVID-19 testing in underserved populations.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Determinants of COVID-19-related hospital and ICU admissions in the region Haaglanden, The Netherlands: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A visitor-enriched census in the U.S. cities using large-scale mobile positioning data.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Promoting health equity: Role of perceived neighborhood built environment in rural community resilience to pandemics.iScience · 2025Article
- The association between learning models and child health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Work-related connectivity between Boston Logan international airport and urban communities with high social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- Model predicted human mobility explains COVID-19 transmission in urban space without behavioral data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pre-COVID respiratory sinus arrhythmia moderates associations between COVID-19 stress and child externalizing behaviors: Testing neurobiological stress theories.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- Associations between local COVID-19 policies and anxiety in the USA: a longitudinal digital cohort study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in theFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Employment type and policy compliance with strict measures during public health crises: evidence from self-employed workers in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Physical distancing has been the primary strategy to control COVID-19 in the United States. We used mobility data from a large, anonymized sample of smartphone users to assess the relationship between neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the pandemic. We found a strong gradient between neighbourhood income and physical distancing. Individuals in high-income neighbourhoods increased their days at home substantially more than individuals in low-income neighbourhoods did. Residents of low-income neighbourhoods were more likely to work outside the home, compared to residents in higher-income neighbourhoods, but were not more likely to visit locations such as supermarkets, parks and hospitals. Finally, we found that state orders were only associated with small increases in staying home in low-income neighbourhoods. Our findings indicate that people in lower-income neighbourhoods have faced barriers to physical distancing, particularly needing to work outside the home, and that state physical distancing policies have not mitigated these disparities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.