ArticleScientific reports2020
Micropore closure time is longer following microneedle application to skin of color.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Micropore visualization and lifetime following microneedle application to skin of differing pigments.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Trial
- Review
- Impact of Formulation and Microneedle Length on Transdermal Metronidazole Permeation through Microneedle-Treated Skin.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Article
- Article
- Thermosensitive biomaterial gels with chemical permeation enhancers for enhanced microneedle delivery of naltrexone for managing opioid and alcohol dependency.Biomaterials science · 2023Article
- Fabrication of Antibacterial Sponge Microneedles for Sampling Skin Interstitial Fluid.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles.Beilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2023Article
- Utilization of ex vivo tissue model to study skin regeneration following microneedle stimuli.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Research Techniques Made Simple: Skin-Targeted Drug and Vaccine Delivery Using Dissolvable Microneedle Arrays.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2021Article
- Review
- Thermosensitive Gels Used to Improve Microneedle-Assisted Transdermal Delivery of Naltrexone.Polymers · 2021Article
- Microneedle Arrays Combined with Nanomedicine Approaches for Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Skin Color and Attractiveness Modulate Empathy for Pain: An Event-Related Potential Study.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Micropore Closure Rates following Microneedle Application at Various Anatomical Sites in Healthy Human Subjects.Skin pharmacology and physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) allow transdermal delivery of skin-impermeable drugs by creating transient epidermal micropores, and micropore lifetime directly affects drug diffusion timeframes. Healthy subjects (n = 111) completed the study, self-identifying as Asian (n = 32), Bi-/multi-racial (n = 10), Black (n = 22), White (n = 23), Latino (n = 23), and Native American/Hawaiian (n = 1). L* was measured with tristimulus colorimetry to objectively describe skin lightness/darkness. MNs were applied to the upper arm; impedance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at baseline and post-MN to confirm micropore formation. Impedance was repeated for 4 days to determine micropore lifetime. Post-MN changes in TEWL and impedance were significant in all groups (p < 0.05), confirming micropore formation regardless of skin type. Micropore lifetime was significantly longer in Blacks (66.5 ± 19.5 h) versus Asians (44.1 ± 14.0 h), Bi-/multi-racial (48.0 ± 16.0 h), and Whites (50.2 ± 2.6 h). Latinos (61.1 ± 16.1 h) had significantly longer micropore closure time versus Asians (44.1 ± 14.0 h). When categorizing data according to L*, micropore lifetime was significantly longer in darker skin. We report for the first time that micropore lifetime differences are present in human subjects of different ethnic/racial backgrounds, with longer micropore lifetime in skin of color. These results also suggest that objectively measured skin color is a better predictor of micropore lifetime than self-identified race/ethnicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.