ArticleJournal of psychoactive drugs
Examining Reciprocal Effects of Cigarette Smoking, Food Insecurity, and Psychological Distress in the U.S.
Article in Journal of psychoactive drugs. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Focusing attention on the important association between food insecurity and psychological distress: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Integrating Financial Coaching and Referrals into a Smoking Cessation Program for Low-income Smokers: a Randomized Waitlist Control Trial.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Trial
- A Randomized Trial to Address Food Insecurity and Promote Smoking Cessation Among Low-Income Adults.Journal of primary care & community healthTrial
- Psychological distress and unmet mental health needs of low-income food assistance recipients who smoke.Psychology, health & medicine · 2026Article
- The relationship between food insecurity and tobacco or alcohol use in Great Britain: A representative population-based survey.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Food insecurity and elevated nicotine exposure among U.S. tobacco users: Evidence from NHANES.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Association of food insecurity with the use of tobacco products and urine cotinine-measured smoking intensity: evidence from a population-based study in South Korea, 2019-2021.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Association Between Food Insecurity and Mental Health Among College Students in the Bronx, New York (NY).Nutrients · 2025Article
- Bidirectional Relationship Between Nutrition and Mental Health and Its Impact on the Health of Canadian Immigrants: An Integrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Psychological Distress Among US-Born and Non-US-Born Black or African American Adults in the US.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Lived Experiences of Food Insecurity among Adults Who Have Ever Smoked Tobacco.Journal of hunger & environmental nutrition · 2025Article
- When money and mental health problems pile up: The reciprocal relationship between income and psychological distress.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Longitudinal experience of food insecurity & cigarette use in the early COVID-19 Pandemic, United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Assessing the Feasibility of Conducting Smoking Cessation Outreach in Food Pantries: A Pilot Intervention Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Food insecurity and health outcomes among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in India.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A Qualitative Investigation of the Experiences of Tobacco Use among U.S. Adults with Food Insecurity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Relationship Between Unhappy Musicians, Resistance Toward Innovation and Uncreative Music Products: Psychological Security as Moderator.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Clarifying the Systems Perspective in Intervention Research on Food Insecurity and Smoking.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the U.S., cigarette smoking is increasingly concentrated in disadvantaged and vulnerable populations, such as populations with lower income and with mental health needs. Food insecurity is linked with psychological distress and is an independent risk factor for smoking. We prospectively examined how cigarette smoking, food insecurity, and psychological distress operate as risk factors for one another in a 2-year longitudinal analysis of U.S. adults from the 2015 and 2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative household survey (N = 7946). Using cross-lagged panel analysis, cross-lagged regression coefficients were estimated simultaneously with direct-effect paths, controlling for covariates. Results showed significant bidirectional associations between smoking and food insecurity: 2015 smoking predicted 2017 food insecurity, and 2015 food insecurity predicted 2017 smoking. Food insecurity and psychological distress also had significant bidirectional associations. However, the association between smoking and psychological distress was unidirectional: 2015 psychological distress predicted 2017 smoking, but not vice versa. The findings suggest a cyclical possibility that smoking exacerbates food insecurity, food insecurity exacerbates psychological distress, and psychological distress exacerbates smoking. There is a need to replicate with more timepoints, but our results highlight the importance of examining the overlapping health burdens of smoking, food insecurity, and psychological distress.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.