ReviewJournal of agricultural and food chemistry2020
Goat Milk Oligosaccharides: Their Diversity, Quantity, and Functional Properties in Comparison to Human Milk Oligosaccharides.
Review in Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed.
- Physiological, genetic and inflammatory factors influencing somatic cell count in goat milk: a review.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2026Review
- Molecular Detection ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Systematic pathway engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced 3'-sialyllactose production.Bioresources and bioprocessing · 2026Article
- Comparison of Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Properties of Yogurt Made From Cow, Goat, Sheep, and Buffalo Milk with and Without Probiotic Cultures.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Role of Milk on Gut Microbiota: Implications for Enhancing Oral Vaccine Efficacy.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of the gut microbiome in pediatric gastrointestinal and neurological health.Translational pediatrics · 2025Review
- BDH1 acetylation at K116 modulates milk fat production in dairy goats.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- 3'-Sialyllactose andGut microbes · 2025Article
- Seal milk oligosaccharides rival human milk complexity and exhibit functional dynamics during lactation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Modulation of Milk Source Differences on Immunity, Nutritional Physiology and Intestinal Microbiota in Neonatal Piglets.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Enhancing milk quality and modulating plasma lipid metabolism of lactating dairy goats: The impact of bile acid supplementation.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2025Article
- The Impact of Low-Lactose, High Galacto-Oligosaccharides Milk on Gut Microbiome and Plasma Metabolome in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial Complemented by Ex Vivo Experiments.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Goat Milk Against Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rat Model.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Comparative biochemical properties of recombinant goat and calf chymosins and their implications in dairy processing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Antioxidant and Inflammation-Attenuating Ability of Human Milk, Infant Formulas and Their Oligosaccharides.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Genomic Tools for Medicinal Properties of Goat Milk for Cosmetic and Health Benefits: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Recent advances in the science of human milk oligosaccharides.BBA advances · 2025Article
- Human milkFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Decoding Their Structural Variability, Health Benefits, and the Evolution of Infant Nutrition.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Goat's Milk Powder Enriched with Red (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk is considered the golden standard in infant nutrition. Free oligosaccharides in human milk provide important health benefits. These oligosaccharides function as prebiotics, immune modulators, and pathogen inhibitors and were found to improve barrier function in the gut. Infant formulas nowadays often contain prebiotics but lack the specific functions of human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS). Milk from domesticated animals also contains milk oligosaccharides but at much lower levels and with less diversity. Goat milk contains significantly more oligosaccharides (gMOS) than bovine (bMOS) or sheep (sMOS) milk and also has a larger diversity of structures. This review summarizes structural studies, revealing a diversity of up to 77 annotated gMOS structures with almost 40 structures fully characterized. Quantitative studies of goat milk oligosaccharides range from 60 to 350 mg/L in mature milk and from 200 to 650 mg/L in colostrum. These levels are clearly lower than in human milk (5-20 g/L) but higher than in other domesticated dairy animals, e.g., bovine (30-60 mg/L) and sheep (20-40 mg/L). Finally, the review focuses on demonstrated and potential functionalities of gMOS. Some studies have shown anti-inflammatory effects of mixtures enriched in gMOS. Goat MOS also display prebiotic potential, particularly in stimulating growth of bifidobacteria preferentially. Although functional studies of gMOS are still limited, several structures are also found in human milk and have known functions as immune modulators and pathogen inhibitors. In conclusion, goat milk constitutes a promising alternative source for milk oligosaccharides, which can be used in infant formula.
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