Trial reportInternational journal of public health2020
Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children's independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial.
Trial report in International journal of public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Methodology for measuring behavior change dictates the perceived effectiveness of school-based WASH interventions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- School water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) intervention to improve malnutrition, dehydration, health literacy, and handwashing: a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Metro Manila, Philippines.BMC public health · 2022Trial
- Indigenous-non-Indigenous inequalities in oral health prevention among children and adolescents in Ecuador: a cross-sectional study.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Hand hygiene practices: knowledge and habits of children aged 8-10 years.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Integration of oral health promotion in primary school health programs: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- WASH and learn: a scoping review of health, education and gender equity outcomes of school-based water, sanitation and hygiene in low-income and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Intervention to Improve Children's Hygiene in Urban Squatter Settlement Schools in Pakistan: An Implementation Research.Environmental health insights · 2025Article
- A scoping review of the links between early childhood caries and clean water and sanitation: the Sustainable Development Goal 6.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Association between handwashing and gargling education for children and prevention of respiratory tract infections: a longitudinal Japanese children population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Nongovernmental Organization Practitioners' Perspectives on the Challenges and Solutions to Changing Handwashing Behavior in Older Children: A Qualitative Study.Global health, science and practice · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo explore whether a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme, which includes group hygiene activities, contributes to the formation of independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits among Filipino children.
methodsIn this cluster-randomised trial, twenty primary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention or control arm. Intervention schools received group handwashing facilities and implemented daily group handwashing and toothbrushing activities. A soap use to toilet event ratio was calculated to measure children's independent handwashing behaviour after toilet use, and dental plaque accumulation on Monday morning was measured as a proxy indicator for children's independent toothbrushing behaviour at home.
resultsFour months after implementation, handwashing and toothbrushing behaviours did not significantly differ between intervention and control schools. The mean soap use in intervention schools and control schools was 0.41 g and 0.30 g per toilet event, respectively (p = 0.637). Compared to baseline, mean plaque scores reduced by 4.2% and 3.5% in intervention and control schools, respectively (p = 0.857).
conclusionsAlthough health benefits have been established, school-based group handwashing and toothbrushing may not be sufficient to increase children's uptake of independent hygiene behaviours.
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