ArticleNature communications2020
A catalogue of biochemically diverse CRISPR-Cas9 orthologs.
Article in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- CRISPR in clinical oncology: translational advances from molecular diagnostics to therapeutics.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Guide RNA reprogramming facilitates minimized tracrRNA-dependent off-target and versatile CRISPR/Cas9 engineering.Nature communications · 2026Article
- CRISPR diagnostics: from trans-nuclease activity to cancer diagnosis.Cell & bioscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Evolution-guided protein design of IscB for persistent epigenome editing in vivo.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Uncovering Cas9 PAM diversity through metagenomic mining and machine learning.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Reprogramming CRISPR-Cas enzymes for customized genome editing.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Customizing CRISPR-Cas PAM specificity with protein language models.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- From Bench to Bedside: Ethical and Clinical Best Practices for Genome Editing Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- An anti-CRISPR targets the sgRNA to block Cas9 and guides the design of enhanced genome editors.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2026Article
- Machine learning reveals sequence and methylation determinants of SaCas9-PAM interactions in bacteria.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- In vivo genome editing with a novel Cj4Cas9.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Loop engineering of AtCas9 for effective and broad genome editing.Cell insight · 2025Article
- PAM-readID is a rapid, simple, and accurate PAM determination method for CRISPR-Cas enzymes in mammalian cells.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Structural insights into Type II-D Cas9 and its robust cleavage activity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- PAM-interacting domain turn-helix 51 motifs can improve Cas9-SpRY activity.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Click editing enables programmable genome writing using DNA polymerases and HUH endonucleases.Nature biotechnology · 2025Article
- Characterization of diverse Cas9 orthologs for genome and epigenome editing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
25 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial Cas9 nucleases from type II CRISPR-Cas antiviral defence systems have been repurposed as genome editing tools. Although these proteins are found in many microbes, only a handful of variants are used for these applications. Here, we use bioinformatic and biochemical analyses to explore this largely uncharacterized diversity. We apply cell-free biochemical screens to assess the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and guide RNA (gRNA) requirements of 79 Cas9 proteins, thus identifying at least 7 distinct gRNA classes and 50 different PAM sequence requirements. PAM recognition spans the entire spectrum of T-, A-, C-, and G-rich nucleotides, from single nucleotide recognition to sequence strings longer than 4 nucleotides. Characterization of a subset of Cas9 orthologs using purified components reveals additional biochemical diversity, including both narrow and broad ranges of temperature dependence, staggered-end DNA target cleavage, and a requirement for long stretches of homology between gRNA and DNA target. Our results expand the available toolset of RNA-programmable CRISPR-associated nucleases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.