ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Geographies of insecure water access and the housing-water nexus in US cities.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Private, public, and bottled drinking water: Shared contaminant-mixture exposures and effects challenge.Environment international · 2025Pooled it
- Large-scale modeling for housing condition prediction using machine learning algorithms.Scientific data · 2026Article
- The Effect of Low Socioeconomic Status on the Leptin-to-Adiponectin Ratio.Nursing open · 2026Review
- The Intersection of Tap Water Avoidance, Food Insecurity, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among U.S. Children and Adolescents Aged 2-17 Years.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping risks of water injustice and perceptions of privatized drinking water in the United States: A mixed methods approach.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025Article
- Under-Investigated and Underestimated: Disparities in Toilet and Sanitation Insecurity in a Sample of United States Adults.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Article
- Predicting determinants of unimproved water supply in Ethiopia using machine learning analysis of EDHS-2019 data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A protocol for the development of a validated scale of household water insecurity in the United States: HWISE-USA.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Health implications of safe drinking water act violations: a county-level analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 10: Water Resources.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Trends and disparities in concurrent tap water avoidance and household food insecurity among US children.Nature water · 2024Article
- Water insecurity among seasonal agriculture workers: perspectives from Spanish professionals.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Global burden of asthma in young adults in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: Systematic analysis of the Global burden of disease study 2019.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Associations between water insecurity and mental health outcomes among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer persons in Bangkok, Thailand and Mumbai, India: Cross-sectional survey findings.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Assessment of sewer connectivity in the United States and its implications for equity in wastewater-based epidemiology.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Cross-Sectional Study of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases in Black Belt Region of Alabama, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) insecurity in unhoused communities of Los Angeles, California.International journal for equity in health · 2023Observational
- Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Safe, reliable, and equitable water access is critical to human health and livelihoods. In the United States, an estimated 471,000 households or 1.1 million individuals lack a piped water connection and 73% of households are located in cities, close to networked supply. In this study, we undertake a nationwide analysis of urban water access in the United States, with the aim of explaining the drivers of infrastructural inequality in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Drawing on statistical analysis and regression modeling of census microdata at the household scale, our analysis reveals spatial and sociodemographic patterns of racialized, class-based, and housing disparities that characterize plumbing poverty. Among unplumbed households, we show that households headed by people of color are almost 35% more likely to lack piped water as compared to white, non-Hispanic households. Precarious housing conditions are an equally strong predictor: Renter-occupied households in the 50 largest US metros were 1.61 times more likely than owner-occupied households to lack piped water. We argue that insecure domestic water access in the United States should be understood as a housing issue that reflects structural inequalities of race and class, particularly in cities with widening wealth gaps. The article concludes with a call for research and action at the intersection of water provision, housing, and social inequality-a paradigm we call the housing-water nexus.
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