ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Tuberculosis IRIS: Pathogenesis, Presentation, and Management across the Spectrum of Disease.
Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Paradoxical Reaction to Tuberculosis Therapy among HIV-Negative Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Pooled it
- Multiple presentations of drug-resistant central nervous system tuberculosis: a case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Talaromycosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome exhibits immune dysregulation in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Paradoxical hypercalcemia in tuberculosis with concurrent vitamin D deficiency: mechanisms, clinical implications, and management strategies.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Unilateral Pneumocystis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: A case illustrated.IDCases · 2026Article
- Article
- Infectious optic neuropathy: the interplay between pathogens and the host immune system-a review of diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Thalidomide as an Adjunctive Therapy for HIV-Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A Case Series.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a non-immunocompromised patient.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2025Article
- Tuberculous Meningitis Across the Lifespan.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Diagnostic dilemma of a new endobronchial lesion in a patient on anti-tuberculosis regimen: unveiling tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis disease among people with HIV: therapeutic advances.The lancet. HIV · 2025Review
- Paradoxical Reaction to Antituberculosis Therapy Mimicking Tumor Progression in Lung Cancer Patient.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Disseminated TB With IRIS Presenting as a Pancreatic Mass in Newly Diagnosed HIV: A Case Report.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Cecal Perforation in an Adolescent as a Paradoxical Response to Anti-tuberculosis Treatment: A Case Report.Acta medica Philippina · 2025Article
- Anterior Skull Base Tuberculosis Mimicking an Anterior Skull Base Meningioma: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- Tuberculous ventriculitis as a devastating neurological manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: A case report in immunocompetent patient.International journal of surgery case reports · 2024Article
- Advances in Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Tuberculosis.Viruses · 2024Review
- Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in initiating ART among HIV-Infected patients in China-risk factors and management.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Combined cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic and cytokine profiling in tuberculosis meningitis reveals robust and prolonged changes in immunometabolic networks.Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), while essential in combatting tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection, is often complicated by the TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS). Depending on the TB disease site and treatment status at ART initiation, this immune-mediated worsening of TB pathology can take the form of paradoxical TB-IRIS, unmasking TB-IRIS, or CNS TB-IRIS. Each form of TB-IRIS has unique implications for diagnosis and treatment. Recently published studies have emphasized the importance of neutrophils and T cell subtypes in TB-IRIS pathogenesis, alongside the recognized role of CD4 T cells and macrophages. Research has also refined our prognostic understanding, revealing how the disease can impact lung function. While corticosteroids remain the only trial-supported therapy for prevention and management of TB-IRIS, increasing interest has been given to biologic therapies directly targeting the immune pathology. TB-IRIS, especially its unmasking form, remains incompletely described and more data is needed to validate biomarkers for diagnosis. Management strategies remain suboptimal, especially in the highly morbid central nervous system (CNS) form of the disease, and further trials are necessary to refine treatment. In this review we will summarize the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis, the presentation of TB-IRIS and the evidence for management recommendations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.