ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2021
Maternal Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D during Gestation Is Positively Associated with Neurocognitive Development in Offspring at Age 4-6 Years.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal vitamin B12, vitamin D, and folic acid status during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment: a systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency in Kazakhstani Children: Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- High-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation During Pregnancy and Test-Based Cognitive Performance at Age 10 Years: A Post Hoc Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Early life vitamin D and neurocognitive abilities at age 6-8 years: a randomized clinical trial and observational analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Vitamin D Status and Its Association with Multiple Intelligence among Arab Adolescents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Does gestational vitamin D attenuate the negative effects of prenatal depression on offspring emotional and behavioral problems? Findings in the ECHO cohort.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Vitamin D as a Lifespan Neuroimmune Signal in Psychiatry: From Developmental Risk to Precision Nutrition.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Vitamin D status during pregnancy and child neurocognitive functioning at 4 Years.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Cumulative childhood lead exposure estimation and school-age IQ in a prospective birth cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Gestational vitamin D concentration and child cognitive development: a longitudinal cohort study in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Associations Between Prenatal Vitamin D and Placental Gene Expression.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Associations Between Prenatal Vitamin D and Placental Gene Expression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Maternal and neonatal blood vitamin D status and neurodevelopment at 24 months of age: a prospective birth cohort study.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Article
- Greater Gestational Vitamin D Status is Associated with Reduced Childhood Behavioral Problems in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Review: Influence of 25(OH)D Blood Concentration and Supplementation during Pregnancy on Preeclampsia Development and Neonatal Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Cohort profile: the ECHO prenatal and early childhood pathways to health consortium (ECHO-PATHWAYS).BMJ open · 2022Article
- Prenatal urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toddler cognition, language, and behavior.Environment international · 2022Article
- Nutrition and Brain Development.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D is critical to embryonic neuronal differentiation and other developmental processes that may affect future neurocognitive function. However, observational studies have found inconsistent associations between gestational vitamin D and neurocognitive outcomes.
objectivesWe examined the association of gestational 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with children's IQ at 4-6 y, and explored whether associations differed by race.
methodsThis study used data from the CANDLE (Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood) cohort. Between 2006 and 2011, CANDLE recruited 1503 women in their second trimester of healthy singleton pregnancies. Inclusion criteria for this analysis were gestation of ≥34 wk and availability of 25(OH)D and IQ data. Associations between second-trimester 25(OH)D plasma concentration and Stanford-Binet IQ scores in offspring at 4-6 y were examined using multivariable linear regression; interaction terms were used to explore possible effect modification by race.
resultsMean ± SD 25(OH)D concentration among 1019 eligible dyads was 21.6 ± 8.4 ng/mL, measured at a mean ± SD gestational age of 23.0 ± 3.0 wk. Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL] was observed in 45.6%. Maternal 25(OH)D differed by race with a mean ± SD of 19.8 ± 7.2 ng/mL in Blacks sand 25.9 ± 9.3 ng/mL in Whites ( P < 0.001). In adjusted models a 10-ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 1.17-point higher Full Scale IQ (95% CI: 0.27, 2.06 points), a 1.17-point higher Verbal IQ (95% CI: 0.19, 2.15 points), and a 1.03-point higher Nonverbal IQ (95% CI: 0.10, 1.95 points). We observed no evidence of effect modification by race.
conclusionsSecond-trimester maternal 25(OH)D was positively associated with IQ at 4-6 y, suggesting that gestational vitamin D status may be an important predictor of neurocognitive development. These findings may help inform prenatal nutrition recommendations and may be especially relevant for Black and other dark-skinned women at high risk of vitamin D deficiency.
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