ArticleAcademic radiology2021
Olfactory Bulb MRI and Paranasal Sinus CT Findings in Persistent COVID-19 Anosmia.
Article in Academic radiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06082193 (Olfactory Cleft Stenosis and Obstruction on Paranasal Sinus CT Scan in Pre Septo Rhinoplasty Patients Without Respiratory Mucosa Pathology), which is not on this map. Cited by 109 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Olfactory Cleft Stenosis and Obstruction on Paranasal Sinus CT Scan in Pre Septo Rhinoplasty Patients Without Respiratory Mucosa Pathology : Normal Variants or Pathologic Findings ?
Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 207 citations in OpenAlex.
- Central Nervous System Alterations in Individuals with Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2026Pooled it
- Topographical Distribution of Neuroanatomical Abnormalities Following COVID-19 Invasion : A Systematic Literature Review.Clinical neuroradiology · 2024Pooled it
- Post-COVID Syndrome.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2023Pooled it
- Olfactory system measurements in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuroradiology · 2023Pooled it
- Association between chemosensory dysfunctions and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Neuroradiological Basis of COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Laryngoscope · 2022Pooled it
- Long COVID, audiovestibular symptoms and persistent chemosensory dysfunction: a systematic review of the current evidence.Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale · 2022Pooled it
- The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in covid-19 - A systematic review.Auris, nasus, larynx · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment strategies for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies in Olfactory Dysfunction Secondary to COVID-19.Academic radiology · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pathophysiological relationship between COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review.Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngologyPooled it
- Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Supplement Combined with Olfactory Training to Treat Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Impairment: A Multi-Center Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo- Controlled Clinical Trial.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Time-Dependent and Brain-Region-Specific Alterations in Ferroptosis Markers: A Preliminary Study in K18-hACE2 Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and impact of long COVID: pathophysiology, neuropsychiatric effects and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Self-Reported Parosmia, Phantosmia, and Gustatory Dysfunction Among Adults with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia.Clinics and practice · 2025Article
- Do Long COVID and COVID Vaccine Side Effects Share Pathophysiological Picture and Biochemical Pathways?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2-induced sensory perturbations: A narrative review of clinical phenotypes, molecular pathologies, and possible interventions.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Review
- [The diagnosis and treatment progress of olfaction disorders in chronic rhinosinusitis].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2025Review
- Changes in olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in COVID-19 infection: an autopsy study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeThere is limited literature consisting of case reports or series on olfactory bulb imaging in COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. An imaging study with objective clinical correlation is needed in COVID-19 anosmia in order to better understand underlying pathogenesis. MATERIAL AND
methodsWe evaluated 23 patients with persistent COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Patients included in this study had a minimum 1-month duration between onset of olfactory dysfunction and evaluation. Olfactory functions were evaluated with Sniffin' Sticks Test. Paranasal sinus CTs and MRI dedicated to olfactory nerves were acquired. On MRI, quantitative measurements of olfactory bulb volumes and olfactory sulcus depth and qualitative assessment of olfactory bulb morphology, signal intensity, and olfactory nerve filia architecture were performed.
resultsAll patients were anosmic at the time of imaging based on olfactory test results. On CT, Olfactory cleft opacification was seen in 73.9% of cases with a mid and posterior segment dominance. 43.5% of cases had below normal olfactory bulb volumes and 60.9% of cases had shallow olfactory sulci. Of all, 54.2% of cases had changes in normal inverted J shape of the bulb. 91.3% of cases had abnormality in olfactory bulb signal intensity in the forms of diffusely increased signal intensity, scattered hyperintense foci or microhemorrhages. Evident clumping of olfactory filia was seen in 34.8% of cases and thinning with scarcity of filia in 17.4%. Primary olfactory cortical signal abnormality was seen in 21.7% of cases.
conclusionOur findings indicate olfactory cleft and olfactory bulb abnormalities are seen in COVID-19 anosmia. There was a relatively high percentage of olfactory bulb degeneration. Further longitudinal imaging studies could shed light on the mechanism of olfactory neuronal pathway injury in COVID-19 anosmia.
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