ArticleGeroScience2021
Disease-specific plasma levels of mitokines FGF21, GDF15, and Humanin in type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease in comparison with healthy aging.
Article in GeroScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic utility of GDF15 in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Preserving brain health in aging: structural and biochemical benefits of water based resistance training, a randomized controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2026Trial
- Association of plasma growth differentiation factor 15 with wake after sleep onset in mild cognitive impairment.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2026Article
- Mitokines as bioenergetic stress signals in cardiovascular disease: mitochondrial communication, endocrine adaptation, and translational implications.Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes · 2026Review
- Plasma GDF15 affects long-term dementia risk and alters neuroimmune signaling.Science advances · 2026Article
- Frailty and major late-life transitions in very old adults: contrasting biomarker patterns of GDF-15 and NT-proBNP in the Kawasaki Aging and Wellbeing Project.GeroScience · 2026Article
- RhFGF21 Mitigated D-gal-triggered Learning and Memory Dysfunction in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Senescence in Cortex and Hippocampus via Modulating FGFR1 and SIRT1.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- GDF-15 plasma levels are elevated in mobility-limited older adults with frailty and sarcopenia-results from the BIOFRAIL study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Associations Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondrial Metabolites, with Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure vs. Healthy Ageing.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Chronic low-grade inflammation drives skeletal aging and neurocognitive decline: inflammaging as a central hub coupling bone-brain aging.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Emerging Therapies.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides: Implication in the Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Insights into the Biomarker Potential of Humanin and Mots-c Expression and Telomere Length in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Growth differentiation factor 15 alters intestinal barrier and increases permeability: A new molecular target in inflammatory bowel disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Fat talks first: how adipose tissue sets the pace of aging?Life medicine · 2025Review
- Astrocytes as Metabolic Sensors Orchestrating Energy-Driven Brain Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Impacts of systemic milieu on cerebrovascular and brain aging: insights from heterochronic parabiosis, blood exchange, and plasma transfer experiments.GeroScience · 2025Review
- The myokine FGF21 associates with enhanced survival in ALS and mitigates stress-induced cytotoxicity.Aging · 2025Article
- Global and tissue-specific transcriptomic dysregulation in human aging: Pathways and predictive biomarkers.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Bridging systemic metabolic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: the liver interface.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), and Humanin (HN) are mitochondrial stress-related mitokines, whose role in health and disease is still debated. In this study, we confirmed that their plasma levels are positively correlated with age in healthy subjects. However, when looking at patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or Alzheimer's disease (AD), two age-related diseases sharing a mitochondrial impairment, we found that GDF15 is elevated in T2D but not in AD and represents a risk factor for T2D complications, while FGF21 and HN are lower in AD but not in T2D. Moreover, FGF21 reaches the highest levels in centenarian' offspring, a model of successful aging. As a whole, these data indicate that (i) the adaptive mitokine response observed in healthy aging is lost in age-related diseases, (ii) a common expression pattern of mitokines does not emerge in T2D and AD, suggesting an unpredicted complexity and disease-specificity, and (iii) FGF21 emerges as a candidate marker of healthy aging.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.