ReviewCancer letters2021
Sex differences in health and disease: A review of biological sex differences relevant to cancer with a spotlight on glioma.
Review in Cancer letters, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gendered experiences of people living with tuberculosis or leprosy: A global systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Chronic exposure to artificial light at night dampens rhythms in locomotor activity, metabolism, and sleep in female mice.Physiology & behavior · 2026Article
- Patterns of Food Consumption of a Sample of College Students Using Superseded Canada's Food Guide.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The association between plant protein intake and cancer risk: a prospective cohort study.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- SLiM 5: Eco-evolutionary Simulations Across Multiple Chromosomes and Full Genomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Sex-specific adverse event profiles of PDE4 inhibitors: a comparative big-data pharmacovigilance study of apremilast, crisaborole, and roflumilast in FAERS (2004-2025).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Prognostic Stratification of Patients With Glioblastoma.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2025Article
- Impact of Donor Age on Graft Failure After Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation by Donor-Recipient Sex Combinations: An Analysis of the UNOS OPTN Database.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- GLIO-Select: Machine Learning-Based Feature Selection and Weighting of Tissue and Serum Proteomic and Metabolomic Data Uncovers Sex Differences in Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The effects of loss of Y chromosome on male health.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025Review
- Differences in Symptom Burden in Primary Brain Tumor Patients Based on Sex, Race, and Ethnicity: a Single-Center Retrospective Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Association of NID2 SNPs with Glioma Risk and Prognosis in the Chinese Population.Neuromolecular medicine · 2024Article
- Impact of endocrine disruptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: role of gender.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
- Sex-related incidence and survival differences in pediatric high-grade glioma subtypes: A population-based cohort study.iScience · 2023Article
- Association of graph-based spatial features with overall survival status of glioblastoma patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Why and How to Account for Sex and Gender in Brain and Behavioral Research.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Characterization of the Response of 9L and U-251N Orthotopic Brain Tumors to 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy.Radiation research · 2023Article
- Sex-specific radiomic features of L-[S-methyl-Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Gender differences in the relationship between loneliness and health-related behavioral risk factors among the Hakka elderly in Fujian, China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The influence of biological sex differences on human health and disease, while being increasingly recognized, has long been underappreciated and underexplored. While humans of all sexes are more alike than different, there is evidence for sex differences in the most basic aspects of human biology and these differences have consequences for the etiology and pathophysiology of many diseases. In a disease like cancer, these consequences manifest in the sex biases in incidence and outcome of many cancer types. The ability to deliver precise, targeted therapies to complex cancer cases is limited by our current understanding of the underlying sex differences. Gaining a better understanding of the implications and interplay of sex differences in diseases like cancer will thus be informative for clinical practice and biological research. Here we review the evidence for a broad array of biological sex differences in humans and discuss how these differences may relate to observed sex differences in various diseases, including many cancers and specifically glioblastoma. We focus on areas of human biology that play vital roles in healthy and disease states, including metabolism, development, hormones, and the immune system, and emphasize that the intersection of sex differences in these areas should not go overlooked. We further propose that mathematical approaches can be useful for exploring the extent to which sex differences affect disease outcomes and accounting for those in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.