ReviewEnvironmental research2021
The urban lead (Pb) burden in humans, animals and the natural environment.
Review in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 237 citations in OpenAlex.
- Benefits of forest therapy for adult mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the Profile of Mood States (POMS).Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Forest-Based Interventions on Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Industrial effluent-derivedApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Trace Metal Concentrations in Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Eggshells from Urban and Coastal Wetlands in Southeastern Australia.Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2026Article
- Metal and metal mixture biomarkers across three U.S. cohorts: MASALA, MESA-LA, and Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Toxic Trace Element Levels in Maternal and Cord Blood Worldwide and Their Impact on Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Lead (Pb) and the NMDA Receptor Hypofunction Hypothesis: A Comparative Review of Non-Essential Metal Exposures in Schizophrenia.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Associations Between Perceived Tap Water Safety and Dietary Outcomes Among US Adults.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Article
- Blood lead levels in children and soil lead contamination in a former mining area in Germany.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Evidence for Genotype-Specific Optimal Blood Lead Levels for Cancer Risk:International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A community-based participatory research program to identify lead exposure risks and community priorities.Discover social science and health · 2026Article
- Development and internal evaluation of a clinical prediction model for blood lead re-elevation in lead poisoning patients: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Large-scale experimental assessment of coyote behavior across urban and rural landscapes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of ascorbic acid as an intervention of metal toxicity in dogs in Kabwe district.Veterinary and animal science · 2025Article
- Distribution Characteristics and Pollution Assessment of Lead and Cadmium Content in Selected Dairy Farms in Jiangsu, China.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- The Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity in Living Organisms.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Mixture analysis of associations between environmental and workplace toxins and liver damage and telomere length, stratified by race/ethnicity.Journal of environmental sciences (China) · 2025Article
- Source dynamics and environmental risk of street dust as a vector of human exposure to potentially toxic elements in Istanbul, Türkiye.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Transcription Factor Basic Pentacysteine 5, RsBPC5, Enhances Lead Stress Tolerance inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Blood Lead (Pb) Levels as a Possible Marker of Cancer Risk in a Prospective Cohort of Women with Non-Occupational Exposure.Biomedicines · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Centuries of human activities, particularly housing and transportation practices from the late 19th century through the 1980's, dispersed hundreds of millions of tons of lead into our urban areas. The urban lead burden is evident among humans, wild and domesticated animals, and plants. Animal lead exposures closely mirror and often exceed the lead exposure patterns of their human partners. Some examples: Pigeons in New York City neighborhoods mimicked the lead exposures of neighborhood children, with more contaminated areas associated with higher exposures in both species. Also, immediately following the lead in drinking water crisis in Flint MI in 2015, blood lead levels in pet dogs in Flint were 4 times higher than in surrounding towns. And combining lead's neurotoxicity with urban stress results in well-characterized aggressive behaviors across multiple species. Lead pollution is not distributed evenly across urban areas. Although average US pediatric lead exposures have declined by 90% since the 1970s, there remain well defined neighborhoods where children continue to have toxic lead exposures; animals are poisoned there, too. Those neighborhoods tend to have disproportionate commercial and industrial lead activity; a history of dense traffic; older and deteriorating housing; past and operating landfills, dumps and hazardous waste sites; and often lead contaminated drinking water. The population there tends to be low income and minority. Urban wild and domesticated animals bear that same lead burden. Soil, buildings, dust and even trees constitute huge lead repositories throughout urban areas. Until and unless we begin to address the lead repositories in our cities, the urban lead burden will continue to impose enormous costs distributed disproportionately across the domains of the natural environment. Evidence-based research has shown the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of some US public policies to prevent or reduce these exposures. We end with a series of recommendations to manage lead-safe urban environments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.