ArticleEnvironmental research2021
Third-hand exposure at homes: Assessment using salivary cotinine.
Article in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of Assessment Methods for Detecting Nicotine Residue and Its Impact on Humans: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Tobacco and asthma: presenting the world health organization (WHO) tobacco knowledge summary.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Review
- Assessment of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in Spain: A scoping review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Concordance assessment through comparison with urine cotinine: Does self-report adequately reflect passive smoking?Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning-The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The silent assassin: Third hand smoking.Journal of global health · 2022Article
- Association between secondhand smoke exposure in pregnant women and their socioeconomic status and its interaction with age: a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Maternal tobacco exposure and health-related quality of life during pregnancy: a national-based study of pregnant women in China.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2021Article
- Comment regarding categorization of Third-hand smoke exposure in "Third-hand Exposure at Homes: Assessment Using Salivary Cotinine".Environmental research · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesWhile exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a well-established problem, exposure to third-hand smoke (THS) is scanty known and needs to be studied. The objective of this work is to characterize salivary cotinine concentrations among people who self-reported exposure to SHS and THS at home.
methodsCross-sectional study of a representative sample (n = 736) of the adult population (≥16 years) from the city of Barcelona carried out in 2013-2014. A questionnaire on tobacco use and passive exposure was administered, and a saliva sample was collected for cotinine determination. For this study, the information of the non-smoker participants who provided saliva sample (n = 519) was used. The geometric means (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD) of the cotinine concentration were compared according to the type of self-reported exposure at home: (1) Not exposed to SHS or THS; (2) Exposed to SHS and THS; and (3) Only exposed to THS. We used log-linear models to compare the cotinine concentration of each exposed group with respect to the unexposed group, adjusting for sex, age, educational level, and tobacco exposure in other settings.
resultsThe GM of the salivary cotinine concentration was 0.34 ng/ml (GSD = 0.16) among individuals reporting SHS and THS exposure, 0.22 ng/ml (GSD = 0.15) among those reporting only THS exposure and 0.11 ng/ml (GSD = 0.04) among those who declared not to be exposed to SHS nor THS (p-value for trend <0.001). The regression model showed a statistically significant increase in cotinine concentration among those exposed to SHS and THS (188% higher, 95% CI: 153%; 223%), and only exposed to THS (106% higher, IC95. %: 74.5%; 137.0%) when comparing with the unexposed group. No statistically significant differences in cotinine concentration were observed between those exposed to SHS and THS compared to the THS group (-25.8%, 95% CI: -69.5%; 17.9%). CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: People exposed to third-hand smoke at home had quantifiable cotinine levels in saliva. No differences in cotinine levels were found between those exposed to second-hand and third-hand smoke at home. The reduction of exposure to third-hand smoke at home should be put into the agenda of tobacco control.
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