SynthesisSurgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA2021
A systematic review of the surgical anatomy of the orbital apex.
Synthesis in Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Reversible Orbital Apex Syndrome.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Visual Improvement Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Orbital Apex Vascular Tumor.Cureus · 2024Article
- Segmentation-Based Measurement of Orbital Structures: Achievements in Eyeball Volume Estimation and Barriers in Optic Nerve Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Morphometric evaluation of the anatomical relationships between the superior orbital fissure and the orbital structures based on computed tomography images with clinical implications.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Diameters of the optic sheath and superior ophthalmic vein can expand and contract at positional changes: a magnetic resonance imaging study.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2024Article
- Optic foramen location on computed tomography.Archives of craniofacial surgery · 2023Article
- Topographical anatomy of the annulus of Zinn.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy treated with transnasal endoscopic decompression through the optic strut.Frontiers in surgery · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe orbital apex is the narrowest part of the orbit, housing the link between the intracranial cavity and orbit. Knowledge of orbital apex anatomy is crucial to selecting a surgical approach and reducing the risk of complications. Our purpose is to summarize current knowledge on surgical anatomy and attempt to reach a consensus on definition of the orbital apex.
methodsThe online databases of Embase, the Cochrane library, Web of Science and PubMed (MEDLINE) were queried in a comprehensive bibliographic search on the (surgical) anatomy of the orbital apex and consisted of a combination of two subjects, using indexed terms and free text: "Orbital Apex" and "Orbital Anatomy."
resultsA total of 114 relevant papers were included in this review. Numerous anatomical variations are described in the literature. Variations of the optic canal include duplication (0.64%) and keyhole anomaly (2.65%). Variations in pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process were unilateral in almost 10%, bilateral in 9%, and normal in 72%. A rare variant of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) is Warwick's foramen, which appears as if the lowest portion of the SOF was separated from the main fissure by a transverse bony bridge.
conclusionThe definition of the orbital apex varies in the literature, and further research would most likely identify additional variations. A universal definition reporting these variations and pathology and imaging findings is essential for determining the optimal surgical approach to the orbital apex.
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