ArticleInternational breastfeeding journal2020
Macronutrient, immunoglobulin a and total antioxidant capacity profiles of human milk from 1 to 24 months: a cross-sectional study in Thailand.
Article in International breastfeeding journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variability in the Composition and Antioxidant Status of Milk of Polish Women Breastfeeding up to 2 Years.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Estimating Caloric Intake per Breastfeeding Session in Infants: A Probabilistic Approach.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Review
- Composition and Antioxidant Status of Human Milk of Women Living in Bydgoszcz (Poland).Nutrients · 2024Article
- The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Prebiotic Sugars from LAB Isolated from Breast Milk.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Skin to Skin Contact Correlated with Improved Production and Consumption of Mother's Own Milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2023Article
- The association of maternal food quality score (FQS) with breast milk nutrient content and antioxidant content of infant urine: a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- The role of exclusive breastfeeding on sIgA and lactoferrin levels in toddlers suffering from Acute Respiratory Infection: A cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Breastfeeding at One Year among Women in Chiang Mai, Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome.Nutrients · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAn extended duration of breastfeeding of up to two years is encouraged by many health authorities, but information regarding the composition of milk after one year postpartum is limited. The goal of this study was to determine the association between the duration of lactation and macronutrient contents, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human milk (HM), from 1 to 24 months postpartum.
methodsCross-sectional milk samples were collected between January and April 2019 from mothers with healthy full-term children who had been lactating for 1 to 24 months. The HM was biochemically analyzed for protein and carbohydrate contents by colorimetric assays. The fat content was determined by capillary centrifugation, and the energy content was calculated from the results of centrifugation assays. IgA levels and TAC were determined by ELISA and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to determine associations between months of lactation and milk composition, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess associations between months of lactation and milk composition adjusted for relevant covariates. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.
resultsOne hundred eighty-four milk samples were analyzed. The month of lactation was positively associated with the fat concentration (B = 0.31, SE = 0.09, p = 0.001), energy content (B = 3.11, SE = 0.92, p = 0.001), and IgA (B = 4.17, SE = 1.08, p < 0.001) but negatively associated with the carbohydrate concentration (B = - 0.22, SE = 0.01, p = 0.04). No association was observed between the month of lactation and the protein concentration or TAC after adjustment for maternal age, maternal BMI, birth order, and breastfeeding frequency.
conclusionThe duration of lactation was found to be positively associated with the fat, energy, and IgA content in HM for up to two years postpartum, and negatively associated with carbohydrate concentration. More prospective cohort studies are needed to obtain evidence-based knowledge regarding the changes in HM composition throughout the course of lactation.
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