ArticleDiabetologia2021
Weekly injection of IL-2 using an injectable hydrogel reduces autoimmune diabetes incidence in NOD mice.
Article in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Avidity-controlled biotherapeutic delivery systems for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion acute kidney injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- ELF3 promotes hyperglycemia-induced corneal epithelial senescence and IL-2 attenuates ELF3-associated signaling.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Hydrogels in Autoimmune Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research and Clinical Potentials.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Role of Interleukins in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Advancing Animal Models of Human Type 1 Diabetes.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2024Review
- Hydrogel-based approaches to target hypersensitivity mechanisms underlying autoimmune disease.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
- Bridging the gender gap in autoimmunity with T-cell-targeted biomaterials.Current opinion in biotechnology · 2024Review
- Review
- T Cells, Interleukin-2 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-From Pathophysiology to Therapy.Cells · 2022Review
- Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of immune checkpoint molecules and regulators in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Syntaxin 4 Enrichment in β-Cells Prevents Conversion to Autoimmune Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice.Diabetes · 2021Article
- Rational Design of Immunomodulatory Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Healing.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2021Review
- An Overview of Engineered Hydrogel-Based Biomaterials for ImprovedFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisIL-2 injections are a promising therapy for autoimmune type 1 diabetes but the short half-life of this cytokine in vivo limits effective tissue exposure and necessitates frequent injections. Here we have investigated whether an injectable hydrogel could be used to promote prolonged IL-2 release in vivo.
methodsCapitalising on the IL-2-binding capabilities of heparin, an injectable hydrogel incorporating clinical-grade heparin, collagen and hyaluronan polymers was used to deliver IL-2. The IL-2-release kinetics and in vivo stability of this material were examined. The ability of soluble IL-2 vs hydrogel-mediated IL-2 injections to prevent autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes were compared.
resultsWe observed in vitro that the hydrogel released IL-2 over a 12-day time frame and that injected hydrogel likewise persisted 12 days in vivo. Notably, heparin binding potentiates the activity of IL-2 and enhances IL-2- and TGFβ-mediated expansion of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells (FOXP3 CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationHydrogel delivery may reduce the number of injections required in IL-2 treatment protocols for autoimmune diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Registered trials
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